Cajun French (French: franÃÆ'§ais cadien/franÃÆ'§ais cadjin ) is the usual name given for varieties < b> Louisiana French or Louisiana Regional French which is spoken mainly in Louisiana, especially in the southern parishes, although a substantial minority exists in southeast Texas as well. French refugees from Acadian who arrived in Louisiana underwent dialect rendering, merging with French colonial (or "French Society") forms already spoken in Louisiana. Although the variety of combining several words from African, Spanish, Native American and English origin is mutually understood with other forms of French. The language is spoken across ethnic and racial by people who identify as Cajun, such as Louisiana Creole and also Native Americans. The influence of French Acadian on the development of the French varieties of Louisiana in general has been overestimated. For this reason, the label "Louisiana French" (or, "Louisiana Regional France") is generally considered to be more accurate and inclusive than "Cajun French" and is a preferred term for linguists and anthropologists. However, "Cajun French" is commonly used in lay discourse by language speakers and other Louisiana residents.
The French Cajun further does not have to be confused with Louisiana Creole, a distinctive French-based creole language for Louisiana and pronounced on the racial lines. In Louisiana, language labels are often combined with ethnic labels. For example, a speaker who identifies as Cajun can call their language "Cajun French", although linguists will identify it as Louisiana Creole.
The number of French speakers is about 200,000. Questions raised on the Louisiana census form do not provide accurate numbers of French speakers in Louisiana. Since the early 1970s, French teaching has become a much wider start in primary and secondary schools and the contact between Louisiana and the francophone world is greatly improved. It has generated a significant amount of [ by whom? from French native speakers in Louisiana adopting modern French grammar and grammar from France, Belgium or Canada while continuing to use Louisiana French vocabulary and expression for local phenomena.
The parishes in which these dialects are still found include but are not limited to Acadia, Increase, Assumption, Avoyelles, Cameron, Evangeline, Iberia, Jefferson Davis, Lafayette, Lafourche, St. Martin, St. Mary, Terrebonne, Pointe Coupà ©, Vermillion, and other parishes in South Louisiana.
Video Cajun French
History
The French settled in Louisiana, building a culture and language there. Through the French language of Louisiana Colonial, Cajun was finally revealed. The word "Cajun" is an anglization of "Cadien", itself is a short recitation (by apheresis) of "Acadien".
French immigration continued in the 19th century until the beginning of the American Civil War, carrying a large number of Francophones, speaking something more akin to current Metropolitan France to Louisiana. Over time, through intergroup contact, including high mixed marriage levels, the dialects will mix, to produce the French we now call Louisiana France.
Over time Louisiana France became the established language of many parishes in southern Louisiana, especially the Acadiana Parish. French Louisiana is spoken by Cajun people but also by other ethnic groups living in small residential areas of Acadian. Creole, Amerindian ethnic groups such as Houma, Chitimacha, Pointe-au-Chien, Bayougoula, Tunica-Biloxi, Atakapa, Opelousa, Okelousa and Avoyel, have spoken in these French before the arrival of the Acadians in Louisiana.
The term "Cajun" is reportedly derived from English pronunciation of the French word Acadien while others are reporting that it means "peasant" and used by immigrants referring to the poor ancestors of Acadian and all others persons lower class. Some Cajun call themselves "Cadiens" or "Cadjins" in French.
The first spelling comes from the French spelling "Acadien" and the second is approximate, using French phonetics, about the pronunciation of a group name in Cajun French. "Cadien" is a French spelling favored by Cajun academics. "Cajun" is an English word not accepted by Cajun academics to designate groups in French. The main area where "French Cajun" is pronounced is called Acadiana (not to be confused with Acadia, which refers to the territory in Canada where French Acadian is spoken). The Cajun area of ​​Louisiana sometimes forms partnerships with Canadian Dormitory people who send French teachers to teach languages ​​in schools, even though they are sometimes incomprehensible and incomprehensible.
In 1984, Jules O. Daigle, a Roman Catholic priest, published the first dictionary of Cajun the first dictionary for "Cajun French", or French Colonial Louisiana. Having considered authority on language, it is incomplete; he ignored the alternative spelling and synonyms that Pastor Daigle deemed "distorted" from the language but remained popular among Cajun speakers and writers. While still useful today, the Daigle dictionary has been replaced by French Louisiana Dictionary (2010), edited by Albert Valdman and other authorities about the language.
Decline
The original Acadian community consists primarily of farmers and fishermen who are able to provide their children with a reasonable amount of schooling. However, difficulties after being exiled from Nova Scotia, along with the difficult settlement process in Louisiana and the subsequent poverty, made it difficult to build schools in the early stages of community development. Finally the school was established, as a private academy whose faculty had just arrived in Louisiana from France or who had been educated in France. Children can usually attend school long enough to learn to count and read. At that time, the standard part of children's education in the Cajun community was the Catholic catechism, taught in French by older community members. The education system does not allow much contact with Standard French.
The strong influence of English education in the Cajun community began following the American Civil War, when the law protecting the rights of French speakers was abolished. Public schools that attempt to force Acadians to learn English are established in Louisiana. Cajun's parents saw the practice of teaching their children English as a foreign cultural disorder, and many refused to send their children to school. When the government required them to do so, they chose a private French Catholic school where classes were conducted in French. French schools work to emphasize Standard French, which they regard as a prestige dialect. When the government requires all schools, public and parishes, to teach in English, new teachers, who can not speak French, are employed. The Cajun children can not understand their teacher and generally ignore them by continuing to speak French. Finally, the children were punished for speaking French in the schoolyard.
The punishment system appears to have been responsible for much of the damage done to Cajun French in the twentieth century because, in turn, non-English speaking people are considered uneducated. Therefore, parents are hesitant to teach French to their children.
Conservation efforts
Marilyn J. Conwell of Pennsylvania State University conducted research on Louisiana French in 1959 and published "perhaps the first complete study of the French French dialect," Louisiana French Grammar, in 1963. Conwell focuses on spoken French in Lafayette, Louisiana and evaluated what was then his current status. Conwell points out that the gradual decline in French makes it "relatively common" to find "French-speaking grandparents, French-speaking and English speaking parents, English-speaking and French-speaking children, and grandchildren who speak and understand, only English. "
Conwell also claims that some of the lost statuses of French Louisiana have been restored, in part because many of the French interpreters used by American soldiers in World War II were Louisiana French speakers. Also, there are more French radio and television programs and French language taught in primary schools.
The decision to teach French to children is well received because grandparents expect a better chance to communicate with their grandchildren.
Some Bilingual Acadiana residents, after learning French at home and English at school. The number of French colonial Louisiana speakers has decreased significantly since the mid-20th century, but efforts are being made to reintroduce the language in schools. The French Language Development Council in Louisiana (CODOFIL) was founded in 1968 to promote the preservation of French language and culture in Louisiana. In addition to this, some Louisiana universities, such as LSU, offer courses in the "Cajun French" language in the hope of preserving the language.
Some people question whether Louisiana's French will survive another generation. Many parents who deliberately do not teach their children French to encourage fluency in English, hoping the children will have a better life in an English-speaking country. However, many grandparents find that their grandchild is researching and trying to learn the language.
Many young adults learn enough French to understand French music lyrics. Also, there is now a tendency to use a French-language website to study dialects. Culinary words and terms of affection such as "cher" /? ÃÆ'Â|/ (affectionate) and "nonc" (uncle) are still heard amongst otherwise Cajun and Creole who speak English. Currently, French Louisiana is considered an endangered language.
The state legislature of Louisiana has greatly changed its position on the status of France. Since the passing of the Legislative Law no. 409 in 1968, the governor of Louisiana was granted the authorization "to establish the Louisiana-French Development Council" and that the institution should consist of no more than fifty members, including a chairman. The name was immediately converted to CODOFIL and given the power to "do whatever is possible and necessary to foster French development, use and preservation as in Louisiana.
An article written online by Università © Laval argues that the state of Louisiana's shift, from anti-French stance to one of soft promotions has been crucial for language survival. The article states that it is advantageous to refresh the language to better value the rich heritage of the country and to protect the Francophone minority who has suffered greatly from negligence by political and religious leaders. Furthermore, the university article claims that CODOFIL and not the country itself sets the language policy and that the only political attitude the state of Louisiana makes is that there is no interference. All this culminates in the fact that outside the extreme south of the country, French continues to be a secondary language that maintains heavy cultural values ​​and identity.
According to Jacques Henry, former CODOFIL executive director, much progress has been made to Francophones and that the future of France in Louisiana is not just symbolic. According to statistics collected by CODOFIL, the last twenty years have seen the widespread acceptance of the French-imersion program. He went so far as to write that official recognition, honors by parents, and the inclusion of French in schools reflect the increasing courage of language and France ended his article by writing that ultimately France's survival in Louisiana would be guaranteed by the parents and politicians of Louisiana, the survival of the French is not guaranteed at all but there is hope.
Maps Cajun French
Code transfer and lexical borrowing
Code-switching is common in Cajun French. This is typical for many language contact situations. Code-switching was once seen as a sign of poor education, but is now understood as an indication of proficiency in two different languages ​​spoken by the speaker. Fluent French speakers often change from French to American English, but less proficient speakers usually do not.
Sample code redirection in Cajun French
1. Once he was driving , he worked eight days one and six days off . And he drives have, you know, six days die . It takes twenty-four hours straight through . And there are four days left here and he will come back. So when the second time arrived, well , he said, "Me, if you do not come," he said, "I do not go." That's where I am. Boys! Poor mother. "Do not go!"
Once he drove, he worked eight days and six days off. And he's driving, you know, six days off. It will take twenty-four hours in a row. And he will stay here four days and then come back. So when the second came, he said, "If you do not come," he said, "I do not go." So I left. Son! Her poor mother. "Do not go!" he says. "Do not go!"
2. On Saturday afternoon, we went... wringing the necks of the poultry. And on Sunday, well , Sunday is our best day, we have more good food. My mom freez had poultry and we had poutine with crackers.
Saturday afternoon we will go... choke the chicken neck. And on Sunday, well, Sunday, it's our best day to eat well. My mom will freeze some chickens and we'll have some poutine croquettes.
Population
The number of reliable French Cajun speakers is difficult to obtain because it differs from other French varieties. However, most of the natives of Louisiana and east and southeast of the French-speaking Texan will be regarded as a Cajun French speaker.
In Louisiana, in 2010, the population of French speakers was about 115,183. These populations are concentrated mostly in the south, coastal parishes.
In Texas, in 2010, the French-speaking population was 55,773, although many of them are likely immigrants from France and other locations in urban areas. However, in the eastern/southeastern counties of Orange, Jefferson, Chambers, Newton, Jasper, Tyler, Liberty and Hardin counties (the area where it is presumed that almost all French speakers are Cajun-French speakers), the total French population is 3400. And most likely of 14,493 speakers in the Harris county of Houston are also Cajun-French speakers. However, a study from 1970 showed a sharp decline in the number of French speakers in Texas in the last half century. In Jefferson County, for example, the French-speaking population is 24,049, compared with 1922 today. In Harris County the French-speaking population is 26,796, compared with 14,493 today.
The Cajun-French speaking population can also be found in southern Mississippi and Alabama, as well as pockets in other parts of the US.
French renowned French-speaking people
- Barry Jean Ancelet
- Calvin Borel
- Michael Doucet
- Canray Fontenot
- Richard Guidry
- Stephen Ortego
- Glen Pitre
- Zachary Richard
- Mabel Sonnier Savoie
See also
- French Louisiana
- French Louisiana Colony
- Endangered languages
- List of endangered languages ​​
- Cajun English
- French Canadian
- French Acadian
- French Americans
- French in the United States
- Louisiana Creole French
- List of parishes in Louisiana by the French-speaking population
References
General reference
- French dictionary and phrase Cajun by Clint Bruce and Jennifer Gipson ISBNÃ, 0-7818-0915-0. Book of Hippocrene Inc.
- Tonnerre mes chiens! List of French words in Louisiana by Amanda LaFleur ISBNÃ, 0-9670838-9-3. Publishing Renouveau.
- Cajun Language Dictionary by Rev. Msgr. Jules O. Daigle, M.A., S.T.L. ISBNÃ, 0-9614245-3-2. Swallow Publication, Inc.
- Cajun Self-Taught by Pdt. Msgr. Jules O. Daigle, M.A., S.T.L. ISBNÃ, 0-9614245-4-0. Swallow Publication, Inc.
- Language Shift on Coastal Marshal of Louisiana by Kevin J. Rottet ISBNÃ, 0-8204-4980-6. Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
- Conversational Cajun French I by Harry Jannise and Randall P. Whatley ISBNÃ, 0-88289-316-5. The Chicot Press.
- French Louisiana Dictionary as Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and the American Indian Community , senior editor Albert Valdman. ISBN: 978-1-60473-403-4 Jackson: University Press Mississippi, 2010.
External links
- LSU Cajun Pages
- Beginner introduction: What is Cajun French?
- Le franÃÆ'§ais cadien par thÃÆ'¨mes: Cajun French by Theme
- Faux fishy: How to Speak French in Louisiana Without Having Problems
- Glossary Français Cadien-FranÃÆ'§ais Europà ©  © en: Cajun-Standard French Glossary
- L'interrogative en franÃÆ'§ais cadien: Forming questions in Cajun French
- Les pronoms personnels cadiens: personal pronouns Cajun
- Les pronoms sujets et le systÃÆ'¨me verbal: Basics Conjunction Verb
- Les animaux dans la mÃÆ' Â © taphore populaire: Cajun animal metaphor
- Un glossaire cadien-anglais: Cajun French to English glossary
- La Base de donnÃÆ' Â © es lexicographiques de la Louisiane
- TVTL.tv TÃÆ' Â © lÃÆ' Â © vision Terrebonne-LaFourche
- French Language Development Council in Louisiana (CODOFIL)
- Cajun language website
- French Cane River Basin
- Cajun French Tutorial
- Terrebonne Parish French Online!
- Cajun French Virtual Table Francaise
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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