Digital Revolution

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The Digital Revolution , also known as the Third Industrial Revolution , is a shift from mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital electronics beginning from the late 1950s to the late 1970s with adoption and the proliferation of digital computers and digital record keeping that continues to this day. Implicitly, the term also refers to the major changes brought about by digital computing and communications technology during (and after) the second half of the 20th century. Similar to the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, the Digital Revolution marked the beginning of the Information Age.

The core of this revolution is mass production and the widespread use of digital logic circuits, and derivative technologies, including computers, digital cell phones, and the Internet. This technological innovation has transformed traditional production and business techniques.

The idea of ​​the digital revolution is part of Schumpeterian's socio-economic theory of evolution, comprised of an incessant process of creative destruction that modernizes the modus operandi of society as a whole, including its economic, social, cultural and political organizations.

This perpetually creative crushing motor is a technological change. While the primary transport technology of the first Industrial Revolution (1770-1850) was based on water-powered mechanization, the second Kondratiev wave (1850-1900) was activated by steam-powered technology, a third (1900-1940) characterized by electrification of social and productive organization, the fourth with motorization and automatic mobilization of society (1940-1970), and most recently by the digitization of social systems. Each of the so-called long waves has been characterized by a period of sustained social modernization, especially by a period of sustained increase in economic productivity. According to Carlota Perez: "This quantum leap in productivity can be seen as a technological revolution, made possible by appearances in the general cost structure of certain inputs we might call 'key factors', satisfying the following conditions: (1) clearly considered low cost and down relative , (2) unlimited supply for all practical purposes, (3) potential all-pervasiveness, (4) capacity to reduce capital costs, labor and products and to change them qualitatively ". Information and Digital Communications Technology meets these requirements and is therefore a general-purpose technology that can transform an entire economy, leading to the form of a more modern and sophisticated socio-economic and political organization often referred to as a post-industrial society, the fifth Kondratiev, the information society , the digital age, and the network society, among others.

The Agricultural Revolution leads to agricultural cities in the ancient world of the Middle East, Mesoamerica, China, the Indus Valley, Southern Europe and South America.

The Industrial Revolution and the Digital Revolution now occur simultaneously in China and India as people leave the countryside for industrial and high-tech cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Mumbai.

Video Digital Revolution

History

Short history

The underlying technology was found in the second half of the 19th century, including Babbage's analytical engine and telegraph. Digital communication became economical for widespread adoption after the invention of personal computers. Claude Shannon, a Bell Labs mathematician, is credited for having laid the fundamentals of digitizing in his pioneering 1948 article, A Mathematical Theory of Communication . The digital revolution is changing the technology that has been analogue into digital format. By doing this, it becomes possible to make a copy that is identical to the original. In digital communication, for example, repeating the hardware is able to amplify the digital signal and pass it without losing information in the signal. As important as the revolution is the ability to easily transfer digital information between media, and to access or distribute it remotely.

The turning point of the revolution is the change from analog music to digital recording. During the 1980s the digital format of compact optical discs gradually replaced analog formats, such as cassettes and cassettes, as popular media of choice.

Origins (1947-1969)

In 1947, transistors were created, leading the way to more advanced digital computers. In the 1950s and 1960s, the military, government, and other organizations had computer systems.

From 1969 to 1971, Intel developed the Intel 4004, an early microprocessor that laid the foundations for a microcomputer revolution that began in the 1970s.

The public was first introduced to concepts that would lead to the Internet when messages were sent through the ARPANET in 1969. Network-enabled packages such as ARPANET, Mark I, CYCLADES, Merit Networks, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early The 1970s used a variety of protocols. ARPANET specifically leads to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks can be combined into network networks.

The Whole Earth Movement in 1960 advocated the use of new technologies.

1970s

In the 1970s, home computers were introduced, time share computers, video games consoles, first coin-op video games, and the golden age of arcade video games starting with Space Invaders. As the development of digital technology, and the transition from analog to digital recordings into new standards in business, a relatively new job description popularized, data entry officers. Cut from the ranks of secretaries and typists from the previous decade, the duty of data entry officers was to convert analog data (customer records, invoices, etc.) into digital data.

1980s

In developed countries, computers reached semi-societies during the 1980s when they entered school, home, business, and industry. Automated machine pavilion, industrial robot, CGI in film and television, electronic music, bulletin board system, and video games all triggered what became a zeitgeist of the 1980s. Millions of people buy home computers, make household names from early personal computer manufacturers such as Apple, Commodore, and Tandy. To date Commodore 64 is often touted as the best-selling computer of all time, having sold 17 million units (by multiple accounts) between 1982 and 1994.

In 1984, the US Census Bureau began collecting data on the use of computers and the Internet in the United States; their first survey showed that 8.2% of all US households had personal computers in 1984, and that households with children under the age of 18 were almost twice as likely to have them in 15.3% (class households middle and upper secondary are the most likely to have it, at 22.9%). In 1989, 15% of all US households had computers, and nearly 30% of households with children under the age of 18 had it. In the late 1980s, many businesses rely on computers and digital technology.

Motorola created the first mobile phone, Motorola DynaTac, in 1983. However, the device uses analog communications - the digital cellular phone was not sold commercially until 1991 when 2G networks began to open in Finland to accommodate the unexpected demand for mobile phones that became apparent in the late 1980s -an.

Calculate! magazine predicted that the CD-ROM would be the center of revolution, with some household devices reading discs.

The first true digital camera was invented in 1988, and the first was marketed in December 1989 in Japan and in 1990 in the United States. In the mid-2000s, they would eclipse traditional films in popularity.

Digital ink was also discovered in the late 1980s. The Disney CAPS system (created in 1988) was used for a scene in The Mermaid in 1989 and for all their animated films between the 1990s The Rescuers Down Under and Home On The Range in 2004.

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.

1990s

The first public digital HDTV broadcast was the June 1990 World Cup; it is played in 10 theaters in Spain and Italy. But HDTV did not become standard until mid-2000s outside Japan.

The World Wide Web became publicly accessible in 1991, which is available only to governments and universities. In 1993 Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina introduced Mosaic, the first web browser capable of displaying inline and basic images for the next browser such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. The Internet is expanding rapidly, and by 1996, it was part of the mass culture and many businesses that included websites in their ads. In 1999 almost every country has connections, and almost half Americans and people in some other countries use the Internet on a regular basis. But throughout the 1990s, "online" involves complex configurations, and dial-up is the only type of connection that is affordable to individual users; Today's Internet culture is not possible.

In 1989 about 15% of all households in the United States had personal computers, by the year 2000, this reached 51%; for households with nearly 30% of children owning computers in 1989, and by 2000 65% had them.

2000s

Mobile phones became as ubiquitous as computers in the early 2000s, with cinemas starting to show ads that tell people to silence their phones. They also became much more advanced than the phones of the 1990s, most of whom only received phone calls or were at most allowed to play simple games.

Text messages existed in the 1990s but were not widely used until the early 2000s, when it became a cultural phenomenon.

The digital revolution is becoming truly global right now - after revolutionizing people in the developed world in the 1990s, the digital revolution spread to the masses in the developing world in the 2000s.

By the end of 2005 the Internet population reached 1 billion, and 3 billion people worldwide were using mobile phones by the end of the decade. HDTV became the standard television broadcast format in many countries by the end of the decade.

2010s

In 2012, more than 2 billion people use the Internet, twice the amount it uses in 2007. Cloud computing has entered the mainstream in early 2010. By 2015, tablet and smartphone computers are expected to outstrip personal computers in Internet use. By 2016, half of the world's population is connected.

Maps Digital Revolution

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By the late 1980s, less than 1% of the world's information technology was stored in digital format, while it was 94% in 2007, with more than 99% in 2014. The year 2002 is estimated to be the year when the human species is able to store more much information in digital, rather than in analog format ("the beginning of the digital age").

It is estimated that the world's capacity to store information has increased from 2.6 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986, to some 5,000 exabytes by 2014 (5 zettabytes).

1990

• Mobile phone subscribers: 12.5 million (0.25% of the world population in 1990)
• Internet users: 2.8 million (0.05% of the world population in 1990)

2002

• Mobile phone subscribers: 1.2 billion (19% of the world population in 2002)
• Internet users: 631 million (11% of the world population in 2002)

2010

• Mobile phone subscribers: 4 billion (68% of world population in 2010)
• Internet users: 1.8 billion (26.6% of world population in 2010)

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• Internet users: 3.6 billion (49.5% of the world population by 2016)

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Converted technology

Conversion of analog technology below to digital. (The decade shown is the period when digital becomes the dominant form.)

• An analog computer to a digital computer (1950s)
• Telex to fax (1980s)
• Cylindrical phonograph, phonograph and compact discs (1980s)
• VHS to DVD (2000s)
• Analog photography (photography plates and photographic films) to digital photography (2000s)
• Analog Cinematography (movie stock) to digital cinematography (2010s)
• Analog television to digital television (2010s (expected))
• Analog radio to digital radio (2020s (expected))
• Analog mobile phone (1G) to digital mobile phone (2G) (1990s)
• Analog clock and clock to digital clock and clock (not yet predictable)
• Analog thermometer to digital thermometer (2010s)
• Print offset to digital printing (2020s (expected))

Decrease or disappear of analog technology below:

• Mail (package to continue, else must be stopped) (2020s (expected))
• Telegram (2010s)
• Machine Type (2010s)
• Fax (2010s (expected))
• Landline phones (2020s (expected)) (only offices will continue to use landlines)
• Public phone (2020s (expected))

The elimination of other technologies is also associated with the digital revolution. (Analog-digital classification does not apply to this.)

• CRT (2010s)
• Plasma screen (2010)
• CCFL backlit LCD (2010s)

Improvements in digital technology.

• Desktop computer to laptop to tablet computer
• DVD to Blu-ray Disc to 4K Blu-ray Disc
• 2G to 3G up to 4G
• Phone to smartphone
• Digital clock to smart clock
• Scales of analog scales for digital scales

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Technology base

Underlying the digital revolution is the development of digital electronic computers, personal computers, and in particular microprocessors with ever-increasing performance (as described by Moore's law), allowing computer technology to be incorporated into a large number of objects from the camera to a personal music player. Equally important is the development of transmission technologies including computer networks, the Internet and digital broadcasting. The 3G phones, whose social penetration grew exponentially in the 2000s, also played a huge part in the digital revolution as they simultaneously provided entertainment, communication and online connectivity everywhere.

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Socio-economic impact

Positive aspects include greater linkage, easier communication, and exposure to information that in the past could be more easily suppressed by a totalitarian regime. Michio Kaku wrote in his Physics of the Future that the failure of the 1991 Soviet coup was largely due to the presence of technologies such as fax machines and computers that exposed confidential information.

The 2011 revolution is powered by social networking and smartphone technology; but these revolutions in the back largely failed to achieve their goal as a fanatic Islamist government and in Syria a civil war had been formed in the absence of a deposed dictatorship.

The economic impact of the digital revolution has been great. Without the World Wide Web (WWW), for example, globalization and outsourcing will not be as great as it is today. The digital revolution radically alters the way individuals and companies interact. Small regional companies are suddenly given access to a much larger market. Concepts such as On-demand services and manufacturing and rapidly lowering technology costs enable innovation in all aspects of industry and everyday life.

After the initial concerns of the paradox of IT productivity, the evidence shows that digital technology has significantly improved productivity and business performance.

Negative effects include information overload, Internet predators, forms of social isolation, and media saturation. In a poll of prominent members of the national news media, 65 percent said the internet has injured journalism more than was allowed by allowing anyone no matter how amateurish and unskilled to become a journalist; causing information to be more difficult and the emergence of conspiracy theories in ways that did not exist in the past.

In some cases, the widespread use of portable digital devices by company employees and computer-related work for personal use - email, instant messaging, computer games - is commonly found, or perceived, to reduce the productivity of the company. Personal computing and other non-work related digital activities in the workplace help to create stronger forms of privacy invasion, such as keystroke recording and information filtering applications (spyware and content control software).

Sharing information and privacy

Privacy is generally a concern during the digital revolution. The ability to store and utilize large amounts of diverse information opens the possibility to track individual activities and interests. Libertarian supporters and the right of privacy fear the possibility of an Orwellian future in which a centralized power structure controls society through automated surveillance and monitoring of personal information in programs such as the CIA's Information Awareness Office. Consumer and labor advocates oppose the ability to direct the market to individuals, discriminate in hiring and lending decisions, invasively monitor employee behavior and communications and generally benefit from involuntarily distributed private information.

The Internet, especially the WWW in the 1990s, opened up new avenues for sharing communications and information. The ability to share information easily and quickly on a global scale brings an entirely new level of free speech. Individuals and organizations are suddenly given the ability to publish any topic, to a global audience, at a cost that is negligible, especially when compared to previous communications technologies.

Large cooperative projects can be cultivated (eg open source software projects, SETI @ home). Community of like-minded individuals is formed (eg MySpace, Tribe.net). Small regional companies are suddenly given access to larger markets.

In other cases, special interest groups as well as social and religious institutions find a lot of inappropriate, even harmful content. Many parents and religious organizations, especially in the United States, are wary of pornography being more readily available to minors. In other situations, the proliferation of information on topics such as child pornography, building bombs, committing acts of terrorism, and other violent activities worries many different groups of people. Such concerns contribute to the argument for censorship and regulation on the WWW.

Copyright and trademark issues

The copyright and trademark issues also find new life in the digital revolution. The widespread ability of consumers to produce and distribute the exact reproduction of protected works dramatically alters the landscape of intellectual property, especially in the music, film and television industries.

The digital revolution, especially with regard to privacy, copyright, censorship and information sharing, remains a controversial topic. When the digital revolution takes place, it remains unclear how far society has been affected and will be changed in the future.

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Worries

While there are great benefits to society from the digital revolution, especially in terms of information accessibility, there are a number of concerns. The power of expanded communication and information sharing, enhanced capabilities for existing technology, and the emergence of new technologies bring many potential opportunities for exploitation. The digital revolution helped usher in a new era of mass oversight, resulting in a wide range of new civil and human rights issues. Data reliability is a problem because information can be easily replicated, but not easily verified. The digital revolution makes it possible to store and keep track of facts, articles, statistics, and little things that until now are not feasible.

From a historian's perspective, much of human history is known through the physical objects of the past that have been discovered or maintained, especially in written documents. Digital recordings are easy to create but also easily deleted and modified. Changes in storage formats can make data recovery difficult or almost impossible, as well as storing information on outdated media that no reproduction tool is available, and even identifying what data it is and whether it's interesting is almost impossible if it's no longer easy to read, or if there are a large number of such files to be identified. Information passed on as authentic research or study should be researched and verified.

These problems are further compounded by the use of digital rights management and other copy prevention technologies designed to only allow data to be read on a particular machine, possibly making future data recovery impossible. Interestingly, the Voyager Gold Record, which is intended to be read by intelligent (perhaps parallel, suitable human beings from a distant future), is recorded in analog format rather than digital specifically for easy interpretation and analysis.

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See also

• Revolution
  • Neolithic Revolution
  • The Agricultural Revolution
  • Scientific Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Second Industrial Revolution
  • The information revolution
  • Microcomputer revolution
  • Nanotechnology
  • Technological revolution
  • Three Revolutions
• Dot-com Company
• Original digital
• Digital omnivores
• Digital addicts
• Digital phobia
• Electronic document
• The Indigo era
• Industry 4.0
• Office without paper
• Cold War Post Era
• Semiconductors
• Telework
• Timeline for electrical and electronic engineering

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References

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External links

• Virginia Heffernan (New York Times) - The Digital Revolution
• Virginia Heffernan (New York Times), an interview

Source of the article : Wikipedia