golf course is the reason where the game of golf is played. It consists of a series of holes, each consisting of teeing ground, fairway, coarse and other hazards, and green with a flag stick ("pin") and a hole ("cup"). The standard golf round consists of 18 holes. Most programs contain 18 holes; some share fairways or green, and a subset has nine holes, played twice per round. Par-3 courses consist of nine or 18 holes that all have three par punches.
Many of the older courses are links, often on the beach. Courses are private, public, and owned by the city government, and usually feature a pro shop. Many private courses are found in the country club.
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Design
Although it is specialized in landscape design or landscape architecture, golf course architecture is considered as a separate field of study. Some golf course architects become celebrities in their own right, such as Robert Trent Jones, Jr.; the other is a highly reputable professional golfer and shows appreciation for the composition of the golf course, such as Jack Nicklaus. This field is partly represented by the American Society of Golf Course Architects, the Institute of Architects of European Golf Courses and the Australian Golf Association of Architects, although many of the world's best golf course architects choose not to be members of the group, since architect associations are not government approved licensing agencies, but private groups. Although golf courses often follow the original landscape, some modifications can not be avoided. This is increasingly happening because new programs are more likely to be placed on less-optimized land. Bunkers and sand traps are almost always artificial, although other hazards may be natural.
The fairway layout follows certain traditional principles, such as the number of holes (nine and 18 most common), their par value, and the number of holes of each nominal value per course. It is also preferable to set the green to close to the tee box of the next played hole, to minimize the distance traveled while playing round, and to vary the mixture of shorter and longer holes. Combined with the need to package all the fairways in what is often a square or rectangular square plot, the fairways of a course tend to form an oppositional tile pattern. In a complex area, two holes can share the same tee box, fairway, or even green. It's also common for separate tee-off points to be positioned for men, women, and amateurs, each lying more closely to the green. Eighteen hole courses are traditionally broken down into "front 9" (holes 1-9) and "back 9" (holes 10-18). On older courses (especially link courses, such as the Old Course at St. Andrews), the holes can be placed in a long circle, starting and ending in the clubhouse, and thus front 9 is called on the scorecard as "out" Headed out of the clubhouse) and returned 9 as "in" (back towards the clubhouse). Newer courses (and especially inland courses) tend to be designed with front 9 and rear 9 each of which are separate loops that begin and end at the clubhouse. This is partly for the convenience of the players and the club, as it is then easier to play only 9-hole rounds, if preferred, or stop at the clubhouse for a snack between 9 front and 9 rear.
Successful designs are visually fun because they can be played. With golf as a form of outdoor recreation, powerful designers are proficient students of natural landscapes that understand the aesthetic cohesion of vegetation, water bodies, pathways, grass, rocks and wood, among other elements.
Par
Most golf courses only have par-3, -4, and -5 holes, although some courses include par-6 holes. (The Ananti CC and Satsuki golf course in Sano, Japan is the only course with a 7 hole par.) The typical distance for various holes from the standard tees is as follows.
Men
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- By 3 - 250 yards (230 m) dan di bawah
- By 4 - 251-450 yard (230-411 m)
- By 5 - 451-690 yard (412-631 m)
Wanita
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- By 3 - 210 meter (190 m) dan di bawah
- By 4 - 211-400 yard (193-366 m)
- By 5 - 401-575 yard (367-526 m)
Harder or easier courses may have longer or shorter holes. Terrain can also be a factor, so a long downhill may be rated par 4, but a shorter or very dangerous uphill hole may be rated par 5. Players of the tournament will usually play from a long-range tee box (Championship or Tournament tee) located at behind the standard male tee, which increases the typical distance of each par; par-3 holes can reach 290 yards (270 m), and longer par-4 holes can measure up to 520 yards (480 m), which can also be achieved by converting par-5 holes into long par-longs. 4 holes for tournament players. This compensates the longer-range pro players who can wear tee and fairway shots compared to the average "golfers bogey".
Maps Golf course
Section
Teeing area
Golf games are played in the so-called "rounds". It consists of playing a number of holes in the order specified by the course. When playing in an 18-hole field, every hole is played once; whereas, on course nine holes every hole can be played twice to complete the round. To start a hole, the player starts by hitting the ball off the tee. Playing the ball off the tee can only be used on the first shot of each hole although it is not necessary to use the tee on the first shot. Tees are small wooden or plastic pegs used to hold the ball, so when hit by the club, the ball goes as far as possible.
The first part of each hole consists of teeing ground, or tee-box. Usually there is more than one box available where a player places his ball, each different distance from the hole (and perhaps with a different angle from approach to green or fairway) to give different difficulties. Ting ground is generally as high as feasible, with grasses very similar to putting green, and mostly slightly elevated from the surrounding fairway.
Each tee box has two markers that show the boundaries of the legal tee area. The eye bag area covers the distance between the markers, and extends the two clubs behind the marker. A golfer can play a ball that stands outside the pocket area, but the ball itself must be placed and struck from within the area. A golfer can place his ball directly on the surface of the teeing ground (called hitting "off the deck"), or the ball may be supported by a manufactured tee (limited to a height of four inches), or by any natural substance. , like a pile of sand placed on the surface of the sac
Tee markers are often color-coded for easy identification of tee boxes; the order of colors, their names where appropriate, and the distance each tee into the hole is provided on the scorecard and/or signs identifying each hole. Most US programs have four tee boxes:
- Red - Closer to the hole and often placed to minimize the effects of major hazards such as water; usually used by women of all ages, juniors (up to age 12), and beginners of all ages/genders.
- Gold - The next furthest place, commonly used by teenage boys, low-defect women, and tall or high-defective men.
- White - Furthermore, it is commonly used by people with low to average handicaps and low-disabled adolescents.
- Black or Blue - The tees are farthest from the hole and with the most exposure to great harm; usually only used during tournaments or by male players without defects ("scratch").
There may be additional tees available, depending on the course, and they may be labeled or different colors depending on the club and its normal patronage. A club that serves senior players, for example, can offer additional tees farther forward than a women's tee, labeled for "senior women". The municipal course may label a tee that is placed equal to a "junior" or "beginner" tee. Silver and gold can be used to show senior female and male tee, with a regular male tee being white and a blue tournament tee.
In a casual game, a tee that is run by a player is usually their prerogative (there is no rule that prohibits a man from hitting a nearby tee, or forbids women using a tournament tee), but players will generally be interested in traditional games. tee for gender and/or their age, as this will give the best result considering the player's nominal drive distance. Groups are often encouraged to compromise on one tee box, as this speeds up the group game. In tournaments, golfers generally tee off from the box one level further from the "normal" box for their class (men using tournament tee, women using senior or men's tee, and juniors using female tee).
Fairway and rough
After the first shot of the tee ("tee off"), the player whose ball is the farthest from the green hits the ball - from which he came to rest, is known as his "lie". When the ball is played and is not out of bounds or in danger you must play the ball when it is located. The area between the tee box and the putting green where the grass is cut is even and short is called fairway . The area between the fairway and out-of-bounds signals, and also between the apron that is trimmed around the green and outside the boundary, is rough ; The grass there is cut higher and often is a more coarse line than the fairway, making rough areas unprofitable to hit. At par-3 holes, players are expected to move the ball to the green in the first shot of the tee box. On longer holes than par 3, players are expected to require at least one additional shot to reach their green.
While many holes are designed with a line of sight directly from the ground teeing to the green, the hole may bend to the left or right. This is called "dogleg", referring to the resemblance to the dog's ankle. This hole is called "left dogleg" if the hole angle to the left, and "dogleg right" if the angle of the hole is pointing to the right. The direction of the hole may be twisted twice, called "dogleg double".
Just like good quality grass to put vegetables, there is good quality grass for the fairway and rough. The quality of the grass influences the ball roll as well as the player's ability to "take the divot" (effective, the ability to hit the ball, hit the ball first, then hit the grass and remove part of the ball) as the club continues its bow). Fairways on prestigious tours, such as PGA Tour, are cut low. The height of staging affects the course. For example, the height of grassland at the US Open event alternates from one hole to the next to make the course more difficult. One example of this is the famous rudeness in the US. Opens, which is often 3 to 5 inches high, depending on how close to the fairway or the green part of the grass will be. This makes it difficult for players to recover after a bad blow.
Grass variants used for fairways and roughs include bent grass, Tifway 419 Bermuda grass, rye grass, Kentucky bluegrass, and Zoysiagrass. As in the green grass type, not all types of grass work equally well in all types of climate.
Green
The putting green, or just green, is a tightly trimmed grass area on relatively flat and smooth soil around the hole, allowing players to make precision scratches on it. To "putt" is to play a stroke on this surface, usually with an eponymous "putter" club, which has a very low attic so the ball rolls smoothly along the ground, and hopefully into the cup. Green shapes and topologies can vary virtually indefinitely, but for practical purposes greens are usually flatter than other areas of the field, although gentle slopes and undulations can add extra challenges to players who must take this variation into their turning lines.. Green usually does not include completely closed hazards such as sand or water; However, these dangers can be - and often are placed adjacent to the green, and depend on the form of green and surrounding hazards, and the location of the pit (which often changes from day to day to promote even wearing grass). green), there may be no direct line from the green point to the cup.
Golfers use a method known as "reading" green to increase their chances of making putts. Green reading involves determining the speed, grain, slope, green setback and slope on the putt line. Most putts are not directly about the hole, but they must be hit to take into account the green characteristics to arrive at the hole at the correct angle and speed. The best players will read the green color by walking around the green and studying the green characteristics before addressing the ball. Reading green and placing is considered by many golfers to be the most difficult part of the game.
Greens are usually surrounded by slightly higher grasses, cut at altitudes between green and fairway, and then by fairway and/or rough. The longer grass around the green is known as periphery and is designed to slow and stop the ball rolling along the green from the wrong shot or putt approach, preventing them from getting out of the green. Although placing a stroke can be done on it, the higher grass can interfere with the ball path, so players often choose to use lofted clubs like iron to make "chip shot" or "bump and run", where the ball takes air for several meters and then rolling along the green like a normal putt.
The green grass putting (more commonly just "green") is cut so short that a ball can roll over for long distances. The most common green types for winter, but warmer summer areas (ie, not very warm, as in South America and Southwest) are bent grasses. Green can consist of thin carpets so bad weather is not allowed to be a serious factor in maintaining its path. These are considered the best green because they can be cut to very low altitudes, and because they may grow from seeds. The bent grass has no grain, which makes it superior to the surface of the putting. However, the crooked grass can become filled with poa annua , expensive and time-consuming weeds. Augusta National is one of many golf courses to use this type of green. The original design of Augusta National did not include the crooked grass, but in the 1980s a controversial decision was made to turn the greens from Bermuda into bent grass. This has affected the speed and game of Augusta National. Many other golf courses then make the decision to change from Bermuda to bent grasses as they observe business improvements in courses that have changed. Another type of grass common to green is TifDwarf Hybrid Bermuda (another variant exists, but TifDwarf is one of the most common), or just Bermuda grass. Bermuda is more common in areas that have very warm summers and mild winters, such as South America and the Southwest. Red Bridge Golf Course is the first course in North Carolina to utilize a special Bermuda called Mini Verde. Green is generally formed from soil that already has soil washed out of it (to avoid soil compatibility issues) and which is then placed tightly on the green, then rolled and polished with fine sand. Another common and more economical approach to building putting green is to introduce Bermuda Bermuda spriggs (grass stolons swept out on farmland), which are placed in the green. The best vegetables are always grown vegetatively and never from seeds.
The two green downside factors of Bermuda are the cost of maintenance, and also the existence of wheat (the direction of growth of grass blades), which affects the ball roll and the so-called "green grains." The slope or green fault also affects the ball roll. The hole, or cup, is always found in green and must have a diameter of 108 millimeters (4.25 inches) and a depth of at least 10 cm (3.94 inches). Its position on the green is not fixed and is usually replaced daily by greenskeeper to prevent excessive wear and local damage to the grass. A new hole will be cut by a tool that removes the grass plug from the ground, and the reinforced cup is then removed, before the old hole is filled with a plug that is cut from the new hole and flattened. The hole has a flag on the metal pole positioned inside so it can be seen from a distance, but not necessarily from the tee. These location markers are officially called "flagstick" but are also commonly referred to as "pins."
Including vegetables does not have the same quality. The best-quality greens are well kept so that the ball will roll smoothly over the trimmed grass. Excess water can be removed from the putting green using a machine called water hog. Golfers describe green as fast if a light sweep on the ball makes it roll away; on the other hand, on slow stronger green strokes are needed to roll the ball at the same distance. The exact speed of green can be determined with the stimp meter. By collecting sample measurements, the golf course can be compared in terms of the average green speed. Nevertheless, it is illegal by the Golf Rules to test the green speed while playing by rolling the ball over it, or by feeling or rubbing green.
Dangers
Holes often contain hazards, which are special areas that have additional rules to play, and generally consist of two types: (1) water hazards, such as ponds, lakes, and rivers; and (2) bunkers, or sand traps.
Special rules apply to playing a ball that falls in danger. For example, a player should not touch the ground or water with their club before playing ball, even for a swing practice. The ball in any danger can be played out because of a lie without penalty. If it can not be played from danger, the ball can be beaten from another location, generally with a one-shot penalty. The Rules of Golf determines exactly the point from which the ball can be played out of danger. Bunkers are small to medium areas, usually lower than fairways but from a variety of topography, filled with sand and generally incorporate lips or raised barriers. It is harder to play the ball from the sand than from the grass, because the ball can attach itself to the sand, and the loose nature of sand and the more severe slope of many bunkers make a person's position more difficult. As in danger, the ball in the bunker should be played without touching the sand with the club except during a stroke, and loose obstacles (leaves, stones, twigs) should not be moved before making a stroke.
The course may also have other design features in which expert players will avoid; there are earth bunkers (pits or holes in the ground that are not filled with sand but need lofted fire to escape), tall grass and other dense vegetation, trees or shrubs, ravines and other rocky areas, steep inclines, etc.; while not profitable to play, this is usually not considered a "hazard" unless specifically specified by the course (a cliff or small river can be called "water hazard" even if it is completely dry)
Driving distance
Often, the golf course will include among the various exercise facilities or driving range, usually with green exercises, bunkers, and a driving area. Markers indicating distances are usually included in the range of exercises for golfers' information. Driving range is also often found as a separate facility, not tied to a golf course, where players can easily hit the ball into the range for practice or pleasure.
There may even be a training course (often shorter and easier to play than a full-scale course), in which players can measure the distance they can get with a particular club, or to improve their swing technique. The training course often consists of old holes from the previous design that are stored and maintained for training purposes or as a replacement hole if one or more holes become unplayable; An 21 hole golf course, for example, will have three additional holes that can be used for training or as a substitute for flood holes or other damage.
Type
Link
Link is a Scottish term, from the Old English word hlinc: "climbing to the ground, ridge", describing coastal sand dunes and sometimes similar areas in the interior. It is on a land link near the cities in eastern Scotland that golf has been played since the 15th century.
The shallow topsoil and sandy soil make the land connection unsuitable for planting or for urban development and have low economic value. The line is often treated as a common ground by residents of nearby towns and used by them for recreation, grazing animals and other activities such as washing clothes.
The intimidated grass and the naturally good drainage are ideal for golf, and longer grass areas, heather, shrubs and open sand provide a familiar dangers to modern courses. Although the early links are often close to the ocean, it is rarely used as a hazard, perhaps because of the instability of the dunes closest to water and the high cost of handmade golf balls that block everything that can cause irreparable loss. This soil is naturally treeless and this combined with their beach location makes wind and weather an important factor in golf links.
Traditional link paths are often arranged with holes in pairs along the shoreline; players will play "out" of the city through a series of holes to the furthest point of the course, and then will return "in" throughout the second set of holes. The holes may share the fairways and sometimes green (as in St Andrews to save on land use, but in modern times this is rare because the potential injury from the ball comes in another way.
Famous link courses include the Old Course at St. Andrews, often described as "Home of Golf", and Musselburgh Links, are generally regarded as the first recorded golf course. The Open Championship, the oldest of the premier golf championships, is always played in link courses. Link-style links and golf courses have been developed around the world, reproducing damaged and undefended terrain with deep bunkers from their Scottish prototype.
Executive
An executive course of or a short course is a course with a much lower total score than a typical 18-hole course. There are two main types:
- The "9-hole course", usually the type referred to as the "executive course", has only 9 holes instead of 18, but with a normal mix of par-3, par-4 and par -5 holes (usually par score between 34 and 36), and the course can be played once for short game, or twice for the full rotation.
- A "par-3" alone has 9 or 18 holes, and the distance of each hole is a par 3 rating (usually 240 meters or less of the "male" tee), without par-4 or par- 5 hole mandating shot through green (although, sometimes, "par-3" alone can display par-4 or even par-5 holes). As a result, the total par for 18 holes at par-3 is of course 54 instead of 68-72. Some par-3 courses still require the use of wood on some tee shots, and thus a set of "complete" clubs are used.
- The general standard type of the par-3 course is the "Pitch and Putt" course, in which each of the 9 or 18 holes has a distance from tee to cup less than 100 yards, with an overall 18-hole spacing only no more than 1,200 meters (so every hole averages 67 meters). This allows the course to be played without a full set of clubs; usually only the necessary slices, maybe 9-iron for the longest hole, along with the putter, to play. The rules for the official Pitch and Putt competition mandated a boundary of three clubs, consisting of two iron and one putter.
These types of courses provide faster game speeds than standard courses, and get their name from target business executives who will take a long lunch course or as part of a meeting. They are also popular among young professionals, because during normal golf season, the course can usually be played at the time between the end of the workday and the sunset.
The popularity of the 9-hole course has diminished in recent decades; the full 18-hole course still allows the player to play only "nine front" or "nine back" as a shorter game, while attracting more golfers who want to play the traditional full rotation of 18 different holes. Many older executive courses have been upgraded "on the spot" into 18 holes and traditional nominal scores, or original courses sold for other developments and new land acquired and built into an 18-hole field. In contrast, par-3 programs, notably Pitch and Putt, are growing in popularity as a compromise between the old playing time and high skill levels required from traditional 18-hole courses, and the artificial nature and single focus focus of miniature golf. Pitch and Putt, in particular the association governing IPPA, have received financial support and logo rights from R & A.
In 2014, the PGA Tour held a Champions Tour event on a nine-hole par-3 course, Big Cedar Lodge Legends of Golf in Ridgedale, Missouri, with four (regular division) or three rounds (over 65 divisions) played par-3 courses , and one round is played in the 18-hole field of the nearest rule with par 71.
Pitch and putt
Pitch and putt is an amateur sport, similar to golf and also known as chip and putt. The maximum length of the hole for international competition is 90 meters (100 times) with a maximum total length of 1,200 meters (1,310 yd). Players can only use three clubs; one of them must be a putter. The game is played from artificial mount surfaces that are processed using a tee and have their own defective system.
Ownership and management
There are three main categories of ownership and management of golf courses: private, commercial, and municipal.
Personal
Private courses are owned and managed by golf clubs on behalf of its members, on a nonprofit basis. Many courses were opened during the golf boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries of this type. Some courses, such as National Augusta, are very exclusive and will only allow visitors to play over invitations and with a club member. Others allow visitors at certain times but may insist on advance booking and golf competence proof.
Commercial Commercial courses are owned and managed by commercial organizations and operated for profit. They may be built to provide core or additional attraction for visitors to commercial hotels or resorts, as centers for real estate development, as exclusive Country Clubs, or as "Pay and Play" alone open to the general public. Important examples include Pinehurst in the United States and Gleneagles in Scotland.
Municipal
The municipal courses are owned and managed by local government agencies for the benefit of residents and visitors. Some of Scotland's historic golf courses, including St Andrews and Carnoustie are included in this category along with Bethpage in the US and many other lesser-known ones. It is more common for municipal program management to be contracted out to other commercial or organizational organizations or courses for sale or to be fully closed.
Related clubs
Many commercial and municipal companies have associations of golf clubs, which organize competitions for their members in the course and can provide clubhouse facilities. In Britain in particular, some older private member clubs have an associated "Artisan" club, originally established to provide inexpensive golf with limited playing rights in exchange for unpaid work in the field. These linked clubs may be organizations that are entirely independent of course management, or may have varying levels of formal or informal relationships.
src: www.finkbine.com
Environmental impact
Environmental concerns over land use for golf courses have grown since the 1960s. Specific issues include the amount of water needed for irrigation and the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in maintenance, as well as the destruction of wetlands and other important areas of the environment during construction. The UN estimates that, worldwide, golf courses consume about 2.5 billion gallons/9.5 billion liters of water per day. Many golf courses are now irrigated with water that can not be drunk and rain water. In 1988, the US Environmental Protection Agency banned the use of Diazinon on golf courses and farmland because of its negative impact on bird species.
Environmental awareness, along with cost and human health issues, has led to research into more environmentally friendly practices and grass lawns. Golf field supervisors are often trained in the use of these practices and grasses. This has led to a significant reduction in the amount of water and chemicals on the course. Grasslands are excellent filters for water and have been used in the community to clean gray water, such as incorporating it into bioswales.
The use of creeks and natural ponds is generally desirable when designing a golf course for their aesthetics and an increase in the difficulty of playing. However, such areas typically also include wetlands in floodplains that are not suitable for playing golf and are often filled and raised to keep them dry. In dry areas, dry river beds can be characterized as "water hazards", but imports of non-native grasses and other living plants can have a detrimental effect on indigenous landscapes, often requiring non-indigenous land and large amounts of water and fertilizers. to maintain the course. In these areas, course builders are often prohibited from planting and maintaining non-native grasses in course areas other than the fairway, or even on the fairway itself, in which case only vegetables are allowed to have grass.
In the US, land managed by the Army Corps of Engineers, such as those restricting embankments and lakes, is often desirable to build courses, because of beautiful natural landscapes and land mismatches for other purposes because of their location in the floodplain plan. In this case, the course designer must work with the Corps of Engineers to plan course layouts that protect environmentally sensitive areas, provide the means to escape quickly in case of floods, and not invite players to attack or to controllable structures such as dikes or dams.
Some environmental activists and other activists continue to lobby for the construction of new golf courses, claiming that they can block corridors for migratory animals and damage shelters for birds and other wildlife, although some courses have become shelter for indigenous and non-native creatures.
The result of modern equipment is that players can now hit the ball even further than before. As a result, due to requests from customers only who have this enhanced equipment, and also because of safety concerns, golf course archers must extend and expand the golf course. In an area of ​​7,000 yards is usually an incredible scarcity, a 7,500 meter course is now unusual, and an 8,000 meter course is being contemplated. All of this leads to a ten percent increase in the area of ​​land needed to build a distinctive course. At the same time, water restrictions set by the community have forced the program to limit the amount of grass that is kept. Although most modern 18-hole golf courses occupy 60 hectares (150 hectares), the average field has 30 hectares (74 acres) of manicured land.
Golf courses can be built in sandy areas along the coast, on abandoned farmlands, between open pit and mining, as well as in deserts and forests. Many Western countries have implemented environmental restrictions on where and how courses are allowed to be built.
In some parts of the world, efforts to build courses and resorts have led to protests, vandalism, and violence. Communities regard golf as an elitist activity, and thus golf courses are becoming the target of popular opposition. Against golf tourism and golf expansion has been the goal of several land reform movements, particularly in the Philippines and Indonesia.
In the Bahamas, resistance to the development of golf has become a national issue. Residents of Great Guana Cay and Bimini, for example, engage in legal and political opposition to the development of golf on their island, fearing golf courses will destroy the nutrient-poor balance in which coral reefs and their mangrove systems depend.
In Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in dry areas, golf courses have been built on nothing more than oil-covered sands. Players can use rollers on "green" to smooth the intended path before laying it down. The course at Coober Pedy, Australia, consists of nine holes dug into a mound of sand, diesel, and oil, without grass showing up anywhere on the field. The player brings a small piece of astroturf from where they hit the ball. Other Australian golf courses in locations where water is scarce or water conservation are priorities that sometimes feature "scratches" in green places. It is made of fine dirt that requires scratching between usage but does not require watering. In New Zealand, it is not unusual for rural courses to fence green grass and sheep grazing on the fairways. At the 125-year-old Royal Colombo Golf Club in Sri Lanka, the steam train from the Kelani Valley railway runs through the lane in the 6th hole.
src: cdn-s3.si.com
See also
- List of golf course architects
src: www.toiyabegolfclub.com
References
src: www.fireridgegc.com
External links
- Course Rating Primer on the United States Golf Association website
- Golf for Beginners FAQ
- Golf Course USA
- Reviews of Independent Golf Courses
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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