Equality of welfare describes acceptable living conditions used for pets, in contrast to the suffering resulting from voluntary or voluntary actions of others, whether through physical violence, mutilation, neglect or other forms of ill-treatment. Debate over the welfare and abuse of horses recently. In the nineteenth century, when seeing a dead horse at work was commonplace, the first wave of consciousness was born with the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the publication of the Black Beauty novel in England. France followed him with the creation of the French League for Horse Protection and the passing of the Grammont Act in 1850. Similar concerns over animal welfare flourished in the United States. The debate intensified and expanded throughout North America and Europe over the next century, especially concerning the use of horses during the war, the use of horses as laborers in city streets, sports training, horse slaughter, and the conditions of breeding and rearing of horses. In the United States, the practice of soring resulted in the passing of the Horse Protection Act of 1970 and various organizations protesting violations in horse races and rodeos. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the issue remained in the public eye and new controversy arose, particularly about training methods such as Rollkur, problems in the areas of resilience rose, stable confinement, and the presence of horse carriages in modern cities like New York.
The definition of "well-being" is very complex with regard to horses. Horses are very calm and show little sign of discomfort, which makes pain detection extremely difficult. Theorists in the western world have gone a long way to assume the horse is incapable of feeling pain. Horses are also friendly creatures, designed by evolution to spend most of their time grazing in a natural environment. Horses develop stereotypical behavior and other problems when stored in isolation, unable to graze, or if encountered prolonged confinement in the cage.
The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) now prohibits certain specific training methods, including polling and Rollkur, as it does in some countries, especially Switzerland. Many countries have passed laws to protect horses from practices that include tailing landing, long-time transport, and artificial assistance in horse races or other horse competitions subject to national or European restrictions or restrictions. Transportation to slaughterhouses is arranged. In the context of increasing research on the welfare of horses, new practices such as natural horseback riding, naked foot care, and even equestrian disapproval have flourished. This shows the main concern for the wellbeing of horses will continue into the future.
Video Horse welfare
History
Horse permitting allows humans to use these animals for various tasks: labor, transportation, war... After the horse loses its usefulness, it can even be slaughtered and converted into food for humans. In fact, from an antispecist standpoint, developing a species in slavery becomes a worker. Pierre Enoff states that globally, this situation is more like slavery that imposes prison conditions on horses, as opposed to the symbiotic relationship between humans and animals. Italian etnologist Sergio Dalla Bernardina explains the situation of horses with the desire of some of the human population to be "master" and to oppress the living beings. "Those who like total submissions prefer dogs or horses, those who prefer light shipment choose cats". Hurt, mutilate and kill horses (witnessing sacrifices, horse cuts, horse baits, and pony fighting organizations) are widely documented in various regions of the world. Horses are routinely killed on the battlefield, stamped, cut in the ears to facilitate the rapid, spurred, or amputated (tail amputation) of the 17th century to prevent the tail from getting caught in the armor. However, in conjunction with this treatment develop the human horse-horse interaction for animals, with many examples of worship. Horse detention implies the need to support themselves. From the perspective of scientist David W. Ramey, human-horse relationships have been beneficial to both species.
Horse welfare considerations as a recent concept in history. The religious conception and philosophy of the West about animals has long denied that they have the sensation of pain, following the animal machine theory described by Renà © Descartes in the 17th century. However, the Islamic civilization of that period greatly respected horses, according to them (among others) the possibility of spending the night in their master's tent. At the beginning of the 21st century, this horse is recognized by biologists (and by the scientific world in general) as "a reasonable creature". Horses are now idealized by many cultures, thanks to its emotional appeal. This evolution accompanies all Western societies, from the mid-twentieth century to the animal welfare movement, having a greater recognition of their individuality. A common mistake is the belief that progress in respecting the wellbeing of horses arises from ethical and scientific considerations. In fact, this progress is derived almost exclusively from the demands of activists and the general public.
19th century
English
The first consciousness of the cause of horses appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. The law prohibiting the misuse of horses was proposed in the 1820s, but was not adopted. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was created in 1824 in London, in response to animal suffering. His logo represents an angel coming to punish a man who beats his horse.
The Black Beauty novel, published in 1877 in the Victorian England, is known as the first work on horse welfare. Its authenticity is to voice some horses that tell their daily suffering, in the form of autobiography. This raises a strong awareness for the cause of the horses. The writer, Anna Sewell, shows herself to precede her time in animal protection: her novel takes a stand against examination, blindfolds, and the installation of a ponytail. According to AmÃÆ'Â © lie Tsaag Valren, the novel "describes in a certain way the loss of a horse in the city.Shah Sewell shows that this animal from flesh and blood, who feel sick and sad, has no place in the urban, environment and industrial society of London". Novels provoke controversy in the UK on publication. Only over time it becomes the best seller. Anna Sewell, who died five months after the publication, confirmed that her goal was to improve many horses in the country. The results exceeded expectations, as the publication of a novel in the US in the context of the suffering of horses allowed the debate to flourish in this country. Various translations of this novel even provoke debate elsewhere in Europe.
United States USA
American documents link some cases of horse exploitation that lead to abuse, especially in bus companies and trams. These horse-drawn vehicles are often overloaded, and the horses that pulled them were beaten and subjected to forced labor.
The first definition of horse persecution centered on cutting food and care, and the act of hitting them. The New York court is a pioneer in this area, issuing laws that punish those who kill or intentionally torture animals (like horses) in 1829. The New Jersey State Court tried a case of a man who struck his horse to death in 1858, but concluded that it it is not illegal to defeat his own horse, regardless of the public spectacle he created. In 1860, Pennsylvania fined those who beat the $ 200 horse, twice as much as being charged to mothers who beat their children under 7 years old. Horse theft and mutilation of other people's animals are severely punished, reflecting the financial and social motives. Hitting a horse for no good reason is considered wrong and contrary to good morals, but the suffering felt by the animal is not taken into account. The penalty for those who persecute their own horses is not directly on the agenda, since the law can only be applied if evidence is given that the horse was beaten with ill will. The concept of animal torture was introduced in American law in the late nineteenth century, with the case of a man who used acid on his horse's hooves. This trend is also evidenced by lawsuits involving omnibus owners accused of overexposing their horses.
French
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, persecution was common, especially for the draft horses in the July Monarchy era. The phrase "swear like a cop" was created to refer to a frustrated charter, quickly using whips and shouting at their horses. When the horse falls while in the harness, the charter often tries to make him stand with a kick to the stomach. Horses often die exhausted at work, in the middle of the road. Various sources, including Victor Hugo's poem written in 1838, demonstrated the widespread public outcry over workers. The rise of capitalism leads to cruel treatment, especially where unemployed horses are sent to robbers. Considered useless, these horses are sometimes made to wait for days before being shot, and as a result die of hunger or thirst. This contrasts the conditions of the workers and the bourgeois horses and the rich who cause discomfort in French society. In 1845, Socià © à © tÃÆ' © © Protectrice des Animaux was created to protect horses from abuse. Jacques Philippe Delmas de Grammont, a former cavalry officer, created a league for horse protection in 1850 and helped to pass a law that bears his name that year, prohibiting the intentional torture of animals. However, the debate emerged in France at the end of the century about bullfighting (especially horse hernia), as opposed to Grammont's Law.
Other countries
In 1885 Leo Tolstoy published his story "Strider", narrated by a piebald horse named Surveyor. He tells of his castration, the beginning of his armor, and his racing ability, until his bloody death in the hands of the robbers.
20th century
There are more changes in the perception of the welfare of horses in the second half of the 20th century than in other periods of recorded history. According to Jean-Pierre Digard, the awareness of horse treatment is passed from respect to true love, bringing new problems. While previous persecution was done by those who physically exploit horses, the 20th century saw the birth of the persecution by ignorance of the animal's need, because anyone could become a horse owner for recreational purposes. Jean-Pierre Digard also thinks that the feminization of equestrianism contributes significantly to the development of this phenomenon.
Anti-docking movement
Opposition to docking emerged in the United States at the beginning of this century, when cars replaced horses as a major means of transportation. The first state law was made to ban the practice, arguing that it was cruel and useless, as it prevented horses from chasing insects with their tails. The practice is progressively prohibited or strictly prohibited in some countries. France limited the possibility of use in 1996, at the instigation of Brigitte Bardot. Philippe Vasseur approved "a series of actions destined to uphold good behavioral codes relating to animals".
anti-slaughter movement
The slaughter of horses for human consumption is the target of increased criticism. While in 1910 this practice was a habit for the French, it declined in the second half of this century. Food taboos affect horse meat in the English-speaking world.
In England, the horse welfare movement saw the emergence of the first major activist, Ada Cole, at the beginning of this century. Moved by many British workers, exploited for their entire lives before being exported to Belgium to be slaughtered for their meat, he created the International League for Horse Protection in 1927. He successfully advocated a ban on the export of British horse for meat life ten years later. The group he founded, since being renamed World Horse Welfare, continues to campaign for the protection of horses around the world. In 1947, the British Horse Institute was established with the protection of horses (welfare) among its missions. However, the great figure of horse defense in the middle ages was American Velma Bronn Johnston, called "Wild Horse Annie". Born in 1912, in 1950 he began campaigning to end the removal and slaughter of mustangs and wild donkeys under pressure from the settlers. According to him, his commitment emerged from the day he found, on the road, a truck that dripped blood from Mustangs on the way to the slaughterhouse. In 1959, his activists encouraged the American government to pass a law prohibiting the slaughter of mustangs on state-owned land. Given this inadequate victory, Velma Bronn Johnston succeeded in bringing the part of the Wild Free Roaming Horses and Burros Act in 1971 by Richard Nixon, which prohibited the persecution of mustangs.
On the other hand, Australia did not pass laws relating to local wild horses introduced in the late 18th century in response to the needs of the settlers, or their donkeys. From the 1980s to 2013, the slaughter of these animals from helicopters caused anger for many animal defenders. Meat Brumbies are used to make dog food. Long bleed alive, horses slaughtered because of their encounter in the West are now stunned with prisoner iron guns, to prevent them from suffering. However, in 1983 Brigitte Bardot revealed to the public the condition of horse transport to the Polish slaughterhouse, causing a stir. Since the 1990s the horseman's center, which houses most of the riders, hides horse shipments to slaughterhouses for fear of losing their customers. The first rescue center for abused horses or those under threat of being sold back to slaughterhouses made in the same era. The slaughter of horses for meat decreased 60% between 1980 and 2001 in France.
Bullfight
In Spain, the frequent removal of horses in the bullfights prompted Miguel Primo de Rivera to mandate the use of a protective cloak, called peto, in 1928. After that, resistance to bullfighting declined sharply. In 1932, Ernest Hemingway wrote Death in the Afternoon, describing the untenable side of killing these horses from the perspective of his contemporaries, although he himself found them funny.
Horse Protection Act of 1970
In the United States, the Animal Humane Association was created in the 1940s to oppose many horses deaths during the making of western films. An opinion movement (mostly held by activists) denounces the cruelty of some practices on horses: heavy use of bits, excessive use of horse riding, training with electric shock, tongue cutting with restraint, and more general macho attitude of many horse industries, where it is considered normal to hit horses to build domination relationships and show them "who is the master". This movement led to the passage of the Horse Protection Act of 1970, which prohibited suctioning (compression of nails with wedges) and ivory inflammation (applying irritating substances to the anus or vagina to give the horse a more vivid attitude). Between the 1950s and the 2010s, a dozen horse protection communities were created in the US.
Other controversies
Towards the end of the century, new polemics have emerged against practices such as polls (hitting a horse's leg while jumping jumps to make it higher on the next), branding (banned in some EU countries), harness races and endurance races. Some American groups tried to ban cross-country equestrianism at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, arguing that obstacles remain dangerous for horses. The development of natural horsemen can not be separated from the sensitivity that developed in horses at the end of the 20th century. The first practitioners emerged from American western makers. They developed this approach as a reaction to the traditional practice of cowboys to "break the horse", to propose alternatives to this riding style. The pioneers are Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt. Since the 1980s, this trend has established itself gradually on riding landscapes and is now accepted as standard. The successful film by Robert Redford, The Horse Whisperer (1998), popularized the principles of natural horsemen among a wide audience.
21st century
In the 21st century, attention to horse protection still exists in Western society, and is becoming increasingly international. Several professional riders have been selected and punished for harassment. At the 2008 Olympics, four horse jumps tested positive for capsaicin, a chemical product applied to the skin to make it more sensitive to contact. American show-jumper Michal Morrissey was fined 5000 euros and suspended for three months for giving 13 blows to punish his horse during a competition in Florida in 2010. Canadian dresser driver Ulrike Prunthalier was sentenced to a fine of 4000 euros in 2012 for training his horses with gravel under noseband and electric shock.
By 2014, INRA considers the existing legislation for horse protection in France as being concerned about animal welfare. In the same year, a video of a horse being beaten in Saudi Arabia caused a strong reaction in the country, where the animal was so spoiled. In the future, there will likely be increased attention for the welfare of horses up to the 21st century, which could lead to a progressive prohibition on horse racing, horse riding tight regulations, and the development of a sense of friendship with horses, at least in France and other Western countries.
Premarin
The production of conjugated estrogens sold under the name Premarin (with mare pregnant urine as the main ingredient) is widely criticized (including by PETA and the Animal Liberation Front) as coarse. About 100,000 pregnant mares are locked up in kiosks in Canada and in China; the horses died shortly after birth so that the horse could again be impregnated.
These horses are kept in a permanent thirst so as to produce more concentrated over, and live with probes that cause itching. According to some accounts, they are often beaten and sometimes miscarried because of their living conditions. Despite numerous petitions to the laboratory, Premarin's production is likely to continue under the same conditions as the market grows. In addition to the issue of harassment, there is suspicion about the carcinogenicity of estrogens, hormones and by-products of the horse in the woman.
Rollkur
The rolling-out controversy first appeared in 2005 with the release of a German news article condemning the Dutch training method for dressing, especially that forcing the horse's nose to the chest to use control. The article provoked a fierce debate in the world of equestrian sport, extending the threat of death to motorists who thought to train their horses with rolls, and the organizers of the competition that allowed them to do so. In 2010, the International Equestrian Federation created the distinction between rolling and relaxation in "low and round" positions without violence. Despite official restrictions, no reprimands or sanctions are issued for trainers or riders known to practice rollkur.
Closing of American slaughterhouses
Fierce debate arose in the US surrounding the closure of a horse slaughterhouse. First proposed and promoted in 2005, the closure has been carried out gradually since 2013. The original idea was to protect horses from cruel deaths, but the actual closure of slaughterhouses on American soil has been translated into large-scale transportation of "unwanted horses" to US border, where they were transferred to neighboring countries. According to some US sources, the number of abuses and acts of cruelty against horses has increased. The Los Angeles Times reported more intervention in cases of horse abuse in California, where the massacre was banned earlier than in other countries; However, this information contradicts the University of California at Davis, which claims it has no record of escalating persecution. Unwanted horses from US territory are sent to Mexico, Canada, and Brazil for slaughter, long-distance travel and under hell conditions to reach slaughterhouses, creating high levels of stress. In 2013 the reopening of slaughterhouses in America is recommended for protection reasons.
Angered by the threat of a horse protection association, a slaughterhouse worker in New Mexico released a video where he shot and killed his own horse. Since killing his own horse is legal in the US, he is not punished. This animal, named "Justice", is now celebrated as a martyr of the horse massacre. This action has exacerbated the controversy surrounding the US massacre.
Horse cart
Many arguments occur in 2013 and 2014 on the use of horse-drawn carriages in urban or on the road. In New York City, the mayor proposed a horse-drawn carriage, a city symbol for a century, at Central Park for protection reasons. However, the investigation suggests the possibility of collusion with the real estate sector. Israel became the first country to completely ban horse-drawn carriages on the streets and streets of its cities by 2014, to combat the persecution of horses and mules. The only exception is for tourist attractions. This action is accompanied by a peace march that brings together 4000 animal rights advocates.
The death of a horse carriage devoted to tourist visits on the streets of Cartagena, Colombia, has been denounced as persecution, as is the condition of a horse carriage in Mumbai, India.
Maps Horse welfare
Signs and sources of abuse
To facilitate the definition of the idea of ​​horse welfare, INRA suggests referring to the "five freedoms" defined by the Animal Husbandry Welfare Council in 1979:
- freedom from hunger, thirst, and malnutrition
- is free of inconvenience
- freedom from physical pain, illness, and injury
- the freedom to express the normal behavior of the species
- free from fear and anxiety
The first three are easily recognizable and enforced, but this is rare for the last two. Unlike other domesticated species such as dogs, the horse features some signs of external discomfort and especially, it does not scream. The tail eyelashes quickly reflect the discomfort of the horse, but can also be a means to repel insects. Lameness is very easy to detect, because a refusal to lift a limb or leave it touched may indicate pain. In general, a horse sweating profusely, restless, lying or rolling on the ground, or trembling necessarily suffering. Looking toward the stomach is a sign of colic. Holding your head with a styled ear provides valuable insights. Psychological pressure is manifested by no interest in the environment and other symptoms similar to depression. A sudden drop in performance or stiffness at work may indicate a hidden physical problem.
Although the horse is too thin to suffer, the state of obesity, more difficult to identify, causing many physical problems, including high risk of laminitis. Conversely, skinny horse does not need to be treated improperly, because aging involves increased susceptibility to disease and difficulty in gaining weight. Nail condition is also an indicator. A horse whose legs are very long (including shoe legs) or split are ignored and suffered.
Emotional factors are suspected to cause malaise. If the horse shows no sign of discomfort while looking into the eye, one study shows that they feel the emotional state of the audience and are influenced by it. Their heart rate increases in the presence of someone who claims to fear or dislike horses, while it remains normal in the presence of people who love or are neutral with animals.
Disputed practice
Many questions arise about the living conditions that human beings impose on domestic horses. They often distance themselves from the life of species in the wild. Horses are naturally friendly animals, which do not react well to isolation. It can even become depressed and stop eating if the need for contact is not met. However, horses can also experience unintentional suffering, in many cases due to ignorance or neglect. Humans also tend to believe that the horse must be permanently available. A deficit in the living conditions offered to horses often creates problems in human-horse relationships.
Physical intervention
Horses can undergo a variety of physical interventions, including castration, docking (cutting the tail), branding, or cutting a mustache. Attacks on the physical integrity of horses raises ethical questions in terms of the wellbeing of horses. Like other species, horse whiskers are tactile organs (located around the nose and mouth) that help them to see the environment outside the field of vision. Banned in Switzerland and Germany, shave mustaches create significant discomfort by reducing the perception of animals, which can cause them to collide.
Castration
Logging is primarily done for human comfort, as it usually makes the stallion softer and easier to handle and reduce the risk of fighting between males, while also allowing for control of genes in farms. According to PÃÆ'¤ivi Nussbaumer, veterinarians at the Suisse de MÃ © Ã © decine Ã, Â © quine (ISME) institute, "surgical castration is demanding, painful, and can lead to severe complications".
Shoeing, soring, and other leg interventions
The shoeing case is special. This was originally a means to protect the hooves from wear and tear on different hard surfaces. However, its usefulness is questioned by more and more riders who feel that "barefoot" is more consistent with the nature of the horse. According to Pierre Enoff, the horse does not really need shoeing, which thwarts the movements and sensory perceptions by forcing it to depend only on the wall of the nail, unable to use the sol or judge the field. The dominant professional perspective on the horse world, including the farriers, is to see shoeing as a refuge for the nails. Similarly, moving to a barefoot approach too quickly can be dangerous for horses who have been living with shoes for a long time if their feet are not ready.
In contrast, the practice of soring in Tennessee was heavily criticized as harassment by different veterinarians and horse specialists. Prohibited by the Horse Protection Act of 1970, this exercise consisted of using heavy slices to press the front nail, forcing the horse to move in an unnatural way.
Branding
Branding is less common than in the past. In France and Germany, the main purpose is the marketing and promotion of animals. Using branding for identification or proof of ownership of lost or stolen animals becomes obsolete by popularizing electronic chips. According to a study conducted at the University of GÃÆ'¶ttingen (2013), buyers are willing to pay 12% more for a branded horse. Branding causes severe pain and can be seen as a cruel act, "suffering in the name of tradition and marketing". The red iron exposes the skin to a heat of 700 degrees. The branded horse has an increase in body temperature of 4 Â ° C on the day of branding, and an increase of 2 to 4 Â ° C in the next six days. The stamped body part has a typical third-degree burn lesion with necrotic meat.
Tail intervention
There are many interventions on the ponytail, mainly for aesthetic reasons (the practical reason disappears with the use of large-scale horse-drawn carriages). According to Sandra Tozzini, these practices are ethically reprehensible, even "criminal", and cause suffering "without cause". Trimming the tailings or raising them artificially often causes the horse to increase in steps.
Docking is the most common intervention of the tail. Removal of the last vertebra of coccyx by chopping creates a shorter tail or a round stump. Docking is done almost exclusively on the horse and stake draft. Unique to the Anglo-Saxon world, molt is the division of the tail muscles, which has the effect of lifting the tail. Animals should wear "tail set" device after surgery to complete the process of muscle atrophy. This device is not fun and keeps the horse out. Blocking the tail is done by injection of alcohol into the nerves that control the movement of these frills, preventing horses from moving their tails. This practice is less invasive than the previous one and is used illegally for contests where tail movements, horse discomfort indicators, disqualify. Tail blocking can lead to complications like ataxia. The introduction of alcohol, spices or other irritants into the anus or vagina, called gingering, is used to force the horse to hold its tail higher and give a more dashing impression.
Breeding
The conditions of domestic horse breeding differ significantly from the wild, either in reproduction, in foal education, or in the use of questionable practices and techniques. Breeding, a method of reproduction involving horse disorder before taking it to a horse, is considered "organized rape". Lack of warming can make the horses panic.
Weeding foal usually takes longer in the wild than on farms, where it is usually separated from its mother at the age of six months. Although the six-month-old foal has moved from breast milk to forage food, this age of separation is considered too early to ensure that the foal has learned enough from its mother. This can cause the foal to later develop a stable disability or other problems. One way to avoid this is to wean the chicks in groups, and stick with groups of one or more adult horses other than mothers, so foals can continue to study the social codes of their own species. Mare's milk production also raises ethical questions, since the presence of foals is needed to ensure milk flow in the mare. Taking milk means not to be consumed by horses, and generates a strong chance that the latter will be sold for slaughter (as a deficiency).
Some young owners overcame them, guiding foals to regard humans as members of their own species, which can cause serious behavioral problems. Hobbles are used on several large farms to provide semi-freedom, preventing horses from going too far. In addition to forcing them to move a step, hobbles cause pain.
Selection criteria for certain breeds cause births of horses that suffer because of their morphology. This is the case with Quarter Horses and Halter Paint Horses, chosen to have the muscular members of the body possible, which hurt the hooves of the horse and increase the proliferation of genetic diseases in the muscles. In addition, these horses are often given steroids and are confined in small spaces, to maintain their excessive muscles.
Stabling
Conditions for raising horses are almost unchanged in developing countries. In the wild, these animals move 10 to 15 kilometers each day and spend most of their lives grazing in the fresh grass.
Horses are usually locked in horse stables, inside boxes or cages, when not used by humans. Box size is reduced (3 to 4 meters per side and 2.5 meters high), while the kiosk is smaller. The horse has little room to move. This limited stability, often reinforced with grills, also eliminates it from contact with colleagues. The food is often thrown to the floor, where it is sometimes forced to urinate and defecate. According to the definition of horse welfare advocated by INRA and the Animal Husbandry Welfare Council, since living in boxes or cages prevents horses from expressing their normal behavior, it is a form of abuse. Other specialists such as Pierre Enoff (who compared a horse with a goldfish in a glass of water) and Laetitia Bataille (who compared the term "horse detention" with prison vocabulary) also believe that box format causes suffering. The damage caused by this prolonged life in a box or cage is the root of a stable bad trait. The problems of domestic horse behavior often come from isolation and lack of exercise. Their expressions can vary. The franÃÆ'§ais du cheval et de l'ÃÆ' Â © quitation Institute advises never to leave horses alone, either in the paddock or in the cage. In cases where a horse is placed in a box or kiosk, Swiss law requires that horses be allowed out for at least two hours each day. After all, these living conditions create aggression: the further removed from the conditions in the wild, the more trouble the relationship between horses increases.
Number of votes
Life on a paddock on the surface seems to allow horses to move and graze freely; However, it is not an absolute guarantee of well-being. The horse is still dependent on humans to be treated. The case of a wild horse escaping from their paddock may come from external malice, but also from the consideration of poor necessities (lack of food, frozen water in a trough in the winter, proximity to something scary...) that prompted him to escape.. Straying is the origin of many serious accidents, especially collisions with vehicles. Paddock design also poses a risk to horses because of hunting: cases of horses killed by stray bullets or deliberately massacred regularly reported.
The use of barbed wire is also a source of accidents. Horses should, in all cases, have shelter to protect it from elements and wind. To better meet the horse's needs while facilitating its maintenance, Germany created the concept of "active stabilizer", based on new technology. The horses are accommodated in groups and fed automatically as needed, with unlimited access to rest and recreation.
Transportation
Horse transport is essentially at odds with the five freedoms due to lack of available space and lack of access to food and water. Studies have also shown increased horse stress during transport, especially in the beginning. This stress decreases with experience, but still exists. Furthermore, the movement of the transport van forces the horse to regularly improve its position, which can cause fatigue over time. Lack of water is a real problem, because hours sweat a lot during transport. Stop to allow the horse to drink is very important for his welfare, and access to straw is not negotiable.
Working conditions
Another question arises in the manner in which humans put the horse to work. Equestrianism performed well is similar to exercise that allows horses to gain flexibility and muscle. However, the wrong approach to riding causes back pain due to the weight of the rider on the dorsal and thoracic vertebrae. Positioning the neck high and hollow (where the rider keeps his hands high and in tight control) is very disturbing. These problems are exacerbated by the excess weight carried by some riders relative to the horse constitution: according to research, the weight of the rider should not exceed 20 to 29% (including equipment) of the horse's weight. However, certain breeds are better carriers than others, especially mixed breeds. The exploitation of certain horses for mounted or harnessed equestrian tourism, at the Camargue among other places, causes great suffering from lack of rest or treatment.
In Russia, Nevzorov High School filed a petition calling for a total ban on horse riding and horses, arguing that they oppose the nature of horses, causing intense pain in their mouths (up to 300 kilograms of pressure per square centimeter) and damage to the nervous system. This petition follows a lengthy investigation into the practice of professional riders, including photographs and high-level horse autopsies with physical damage due to riding. While the subject is taboo until 2015, more and more riders do not ride (or no longer ride) on horseback, believing that this is a source of discomfort for animals. Sociologist JÃÆ' Â © rÃÆ''me Michalon states that "this development is in line with society". However, Laetitia Bataille calls the idea that all forms of riding are "rough" extremists.
Tools
Equestrianism involves the use of various tools: artificial aids such as control and whip, and tactics (saddle and bridle with one, two bits, or none). The misuse of this equipment makes the ride uncomfortable or even painful for the horse. Nosebands are often too tight, although the official recommendation is to insert two fingers in between and the head. The jaw, which can act on the tongue or the horse's teeth according to the position of the head, creates the pressure that becomes painful when the control is too tight. If it becomes chronic, the pain turns into neuralgia that spreads through the horse's head, from ear to tip of its nose. Among the horses that are the victims of the hard hand, the tongue can turn blue with the action of bits and bridles, a phenomenon "very painful" that can cause "lingual lingual irreversible".
To avoid this problem, some riders work without bits, but this type of equipment poses another problem. The so-called "ethological" halology acts through pressure points on the stubborn parts, creating strong pressure over small areas.
The saddle should be well adapted to the animal's body, but this is not always done. A study in Brazil shows that more than 50% saddle is not adjusted to the horse that wear it, with 40% too far back. Riders can also misuse spurs and whips.
Horseracing
In the world of horse racing, the growth of young foals is stimulated by certain diets. These horses work at the age of eighteen months, and those who do not adapt to horse racing are taken out of service. The ones taken, which are an important part of the horse massacre for meat, often develop health problems and problems.
Harness racing According to Australian scientist Paul McGreevy, the use of horseback riding is "the most common and most widely used form of violence in television in the modern world". This raises a bigger ethical problem because of the pain inflicted on animals that are generally exhausted. His studies show that the (frequent) use of plants does not translate into better racing performance, because race horses are genetically selected to run as fast as possible. In addition, the blows delivered in the last 200 meters of the race often hitting the horse in the sensitive part of the stomach, leaving a very visible sign. The "anti-pain plant" found in Britain is actually just as painful as the others.
The quiet use of electric shocks on race horses appears to have been widespread since 1974, with hundreds of reported cases. This cruel technique, which aims to make horses run faster, is clearly officially banned.
Other equestrian sports
Equestrian sports increase the issue of respect for the physical and mental limits of horses. All equestrian sports require demanding training and may involve doping. Horses react badly to the repetition of the same exercises. Sports riders also tend to use coercive mechanical means, including control and heavy bits, to encourage horses to maintain the attitude they seek during patient training. Some training methods are criticized or even forbidden because of their cruelty. This is a case with rollkur (hyperflexion neck) in dressage, prohibited by the International Equestrian Foundation if it is forcibly acquired or maintained for more than ten minutes. The poll, which strikes the hooves of the horse while jumping over the obstacles to make them lift them higher, is officially banned in competition and in training. This is still commonly used silently. The use of crops in leaping competitions did not result in better performance, according to a study conducted in 2013 in the UK. In this sport, other violations intended to force horses to "respect" the bars regularly are found: coat the feet with sensitive products, practice with metal rods that cause pain when striking, or tighten the back foot protector in such a way as to act on tendons.
Endurance competitions are often the center of scandals involving death mounts during or after the competition, as well as a large number of doping cases. These problems are likely to result from cultural conflicts between Western and Middle Eastern drivers.
Movies and Television
The use of horses during filming of television or film series often results in animal harassment issues, as noted by the Hollywood Reporter investigation in 2013. These cases may also occur during prestigious film-making, such as Peter Jackson's < i> The Hobbit , which saw the deaths of three horses in New Zealand. The Animal Humanist Association recommends replacing horses as often as possible with digital imagery. However, in France, there is no official regulation on the safety of horses on film sets.
Horse fight
Historically, the use of horses as combat animals is very common, both in the context of war and rituals and entertainment such as horse baits. Organized stallion attacks take place in Southeast Asia (southern China and the Philippines). It caused a lot of injuries. Several blows were exchanged causing the horses' eyes to spit out of their sockets. Male horses can even pull their ears from their rivals. Most animals end up with bites. However, "progress" was made in 2014, to the point that injured Chinese horses were no longer systematically killed and consumed on the spot by being cooked on barbecue, but treated for their injuries.
Rodeo
Rodeo is accused of using various interventions to improve the aggression of the horse before entering the run. Electrical shock is commonly used, leading to animal deaths in 2012. The increasing clashes around events like the Calgary Stampede and the Houston Rodeo caused a total rodeo ban on certain parts of the American continent. Bullfight involves the participation of a rider, called a picador, whose mountain is protected by a boundary, with one or both eyes closed. Battle of bullfights can be done only by horseback riding and without being protective. Accidents can always happen, where horses are stabbed by a bull. An editorial in the Horse magazine denounced the ruling code of the number of horses killed in a bullfight. The Anti-Adu Bull Alliance estimates this amount to 20 horses per year.
Slaughter
The consumption of horse meat is an ethical question that transcends animal suffering. This ethical problem was triggered by animal protection associations like the SPA, which claimed that retired horses were slaughtered for meat after serving human beings. "Having been lovingly and carefully cared for, whatever its worth, the brave horse will not experience a peaceful retreat: at its first failure, it becomes the flesh of the flesh, and will be brought to slaughter the next day." Horses intended for consumption are rarely killed where they live. Questions about the wellbeing of horses emerged during transportation to the massacre as well as the massacre itself. These horses often transit through "livestock shows" where violations (lack of food and water, beatings) are not uncommon. Breeders are responsible for sales to slaughterhouses, especially in the equine races, where three quarters do not pass the racetrack selection test, and without a withdrawal solution to provide a "second career" for these animals.
Regulation EC 1/2005 establishes rules for slaughter throughout the EU, including requiring feeding and watering of animals during transportation, and prohibiting the transport of sick or injured animals or the use of trucks. Transportation conditions are regularly condemned by animal welfare groups, and regardless of the claims of industry professionals, they rarely meet regulations. The EC Regulation 853/2004 is intended to ensure a previous shock to the horse to prevent it from suffering. Horsemeat professionals claim that their industry is committed to equating prosperity during the massacre. However, the conditions of slaughter are often criticized in associations in France and Belgium, the Netherlands, and especially America. The association discovered and filmed various violations during the investigation, as animals regain consciousness before they bleed and are thus suffering greatly.
Eric Baratay and Jean-Pierre Digard explain the rejection of horse meat consumption in developed countries with changes in horse status, due to being close to pets. In the United States, the horse has a heroic and prestigious cultural heritage that separates it from the edible animal in the public mind.
Association and protective measures
There are many animal protection associations, both of which focus on horses or not. Among the most active in France are the Brigitte Bardot Foundation (which campaigns against horse meat consumption), the 30 Million Friends Association, the French League for Horse Protection (the oldest), Center d'hÃÆ'Â © bergement des ÃÆ' Â © quidÃÆ'Â © Â © © s maltraitÃÆ'Â © s, and One Voice. At the international level, World Horse Welfare is under the protection of Princess Anne.
Some countries and states are heavily investing in horse protection. This is the case in Switzerland, where the latest version of the Ordinance on the Protection of Animals, effective from 1 January 2014, prohibits many interventions on horses and requires that conditions of detention honor their welfare, including regular movements and event out at least 2 hours per day. California has made a massacre of horses and their transport for illegal slaughter, and also bans rodeos. The people of Massachusetts advocate ending the massacre in 2004. The International Equestrian Federation prohibits polling and rolling if acquired "by force". The French Equestrian Federation limited the number of strikes allowed to jump to three in 1990. The courses and events are increasingly set at the international level. The number of daily attempts by horse jumps is limited and all results fall within the elimination. In contrast, many countries do not have laws to protect horses or animals in general. This is especially true in China.
Criticism
Ethnologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the welfare movement of horses since the late 20th century. He believes that "the increasingly severe criticism made by some protectionist movements" (whom he calls "characterists") and "well-stocked and reinforced by parts of the equestrian press" may lead to the prohibition of equestrian and horseback riding, total extinction of horses due to lack of use. This opinion, however, is not shared, as teaching a more ethical approach to riding is a barrier to the threat of horse extinction due to lack of use. In addition, cloning development will soon allow for the resurrection of extinct species and offspring.
Anthropomorphism and the ignorance of horses, on the other hand, are real obstacles to proper consideration of animal welfare, as many people misconstrue themselves to act for "good" horses. One example is the proliferation of "rescue horses via the internet". Calls for donations allow the purchase of horses destined for slaughter, but the people who get them do not always have the knowledge or financial means to ensure their long-term prosperity. These animals were cursed to be "slow deaths". Another example is the "good idea false" to ban the slaughter of horses, which has caused more suffering to be prevented. Likewise, natural horseback approaches (treeless saddles, cutouts without funnels, bare feet...) sometimes lead to improper use of equipment, or their removal when necessary.
References
Bibliography
- C. Wayne McIlwraith and Bernard E. Rollin (2011). John Wiley & amp; Children, ed. Equine Wellbeing . 8 UFAW Animal Welfare. p.Ã, 488. ISBNÃ, 9781444397819.
- Tozzini S. (2003). "Hair today, go tomorrow: the evil cosmetics of horses and other wretched tails" (PDF) . Animal Law Review : 159-181.
- David S. Favre (1993). Michigan State University College of Law, ed. Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During the 1800s .
- William Robert Cook, Hiltrud Strasser, and Sabine Kells (2003). Sabine Kells, ed. Metals in the mouth: rough effects of bound bridles . p.Ã, 138. ISBNÃ, 9780968598856.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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