In music, note is the tone and duration of the sound, as well as its representation in music notation (?,?). Records can also represent pitch classes. Notes are the building blocks of many written music: discrete musical phenomena that facilitate performance, understanding, and analysis.
The terms note can be used in a general and special sense: one might say "Happy Birthday to You" part begins with two notes having the same note ", or" the section starts with two repetitions of the same note ". In the first case, someone uses note to refer to a particular music event; in the latter, someone uses the term to refer to the class of events sharing the same tone. (See also: Main signature name and translation.)
Two notes with a fundamental frequency in the ratio equal to the strength of any integer of two (for example, half, twice, or four times) are considered very similar. Therefore, all records with this kind of relation can be grouped under the same pitch class.
In traditional music theory, most countries in the world use the naming conventions of solfÃÆ'¨ge Do-Re-Mi-Fa-Sol-La-Si, including for example Italy, Portugal, Spain, France, Poland, Romania, most Latin American countries. , Greek, Bulgarian, Turkish, Russian, and all Arabic or Persian-speaking countries. However, in English-speaking and Dutch-speaking world, field classes are usually represented by the first seven letters of the Latin alphabet (A, B, C, D, E, F and G). Some European countries, including Germany, adopt an almost identical notation, where H replaces B (see below for details). In Indian music, the name Sanskrit Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa-Dha-Ni (? - ?? -? -? -? -? - ??) is used, as in Telugu Sa-Ri-Ga-Ma- -Da-Ni (? - ?? -? -? -? -? - ??), and in Tamil (? - ?? -? -? -? -? - ??). Byzantium uses the name Pa-Vu-Ga-Di-Ke-Zo-Ni.
The eighth note, or octave, is given the same name as the first, but has multiple frequencies. The octave name is also used to indicate the range between notes and the other with multiple frequencies. To distinguish between two records that have the same pitch class but fall to a different octave, the scientific pitch notation system combines the letters with Arabic numerals that designate a particular octave. For example, a standard tuning tone now for most Western music, 440 Hz, given the name? or A4.
There are two formal systems for defining each note and octave, Helmholtz tone notation and scientific pitch notation.
Video Musical note
Accidentals
The name of the letter is modified by accident. Sharp marks ? raise the note by semitone or half step, and ? flat down by the same amount. In modern tuning, half step has the frequency ratio 12 ? 2 , about 1.059. The intellect is written after the note name: so, for example, F ? represents F-sharp, B ? is B-flat, and C ? is a natural C (or C).
Incremental accidents are doubled, doubling the frequency with two semitones, and splitting them flat by the amount.
In musical notation, it is accidentally placed before the note symbol. Systematic changes to the seven pitchings of letters on a scale can be shown by placing symbols in the key sign, which then apply implicitly to all occurrences of the corresponding record. Explicitly note accidents can be used to replace this effect for the rest of the bars. Special accident, natural symbol ? , used to indicate an unmodified tone. Local key and accidental effects are not accumulated. If the key signature shows G ? , a local flat before G makes it G ? (not G ? ), although often this type of rare accident is expressed as natural, followed by a flat ( ? ? ) to clarify this. Similarly (and more generally), sharp double marks on key signature with one spuncter ? shows only a sharp double, not three sharp.
Assuming the nature of the increase, many accidents will create equality among different written tones. For example, raising the B tone to B ?
Notes included in the relevant diatonic scales in the context are sometimes called diatonic records ; records that do not meet the criteria are sometimes called colored notes .
Other notation styles, rarely used in English, use the "is" suffix to signify sharp and "ice" (only "s" after A and E) for a flat, for example, Fis for F ? , Ges for G ? , Ice for E ? . This system first appeared in Germany and is used in almost all European countries whose primary language is not English, Greek, or Roman.
In most countries using this suffix, the letter H is used to represent what B is natural in English, the letter B is used instead of B ? , and Heses (ie, H ) is used instead of B (though Bes and Heses both show English B ). Dutch speakers in Belgium and the Netherlands use the same suffix, but applied to all A to G records, so that B, B ? and B have the same meaning as in English, even though they are called B, Bes, and Beses instead of B, B flat and B double flats. Denmark also uses H, but uses Bes instead of Heses for B .
Maps Musical note
12-tone chromatic scale
The following chart lists names used in different countries for 12 chromatic scale notes built in C. Appropriate symbols are shown in brackets. The difference between German and English notation is highlighted in the bold typeface. Although English and Dutch names are different, the corresponding symbols are identical.
The notation determination matches the octave name
The table below shows every octave and frequency for each tone of the pitch class A. The traditional system (Helmholtz) centers on a large octave (in capital letters) and a small octave (with lowercase letters). The lower octave is named "contra" (with the previous prime number), which is higher "lined" (with primes after). Other systems (scientific) mix numbers (starting with 0, or sometimes -1). In this system A 4 is currently standardized at 440 Hz, located in an octave containing records from C 4 (middle C) to B 4 . The lowest notes on most pianos are A 0 , C highest 8 . The MIDI system for electronic music and computers using direct calculations starts with note 0 for C -1 at 8.1758 Hz to register 127 for G 9 at 12,544 Hz.
Written note
Written records can also have record values, codes that determine the relative duration of the note. In order to reduce half the duration, they are: double records (breve); all records (semibreve); not half (minimal); quarter notes (quarter notes); not queer (quaver); sixteenth note (semiquaver); a thirty-second note (demisemiquaver), sixty-four notes (hemidemisemiquaver), and one hundred and twenty-eight notes.
In scores, each record is given a specific vertical position at the staff position (line or space) on the staff, as determined by the key. Each line or space is named note. These names are memorized by musicians and allow them to know at a glance the right tone to play on their instruments.
The staff above shows the C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C and then in reverse order, without signature or aks.
Watch the frequency (hertz)
In all technical terms, music can consist of records on any arbitrary physical frequency. Because the physical cause of music is the vibration of mechanical systems, they are often measured in hertz (Hz), with 1Ã, Hz meaning one vibration per second. For historical and other reasons, especially in Western music, only twelve fixed frequency tones are used. These frequencies are mathematically related to each other, and are defined around the central note, A 4 . The current "standard pitch" or "modern concert pitch" for this record is 440 Hz, although this varies in actual practice (see History of pitch standards).
The record naming conventions define letters, all accidents, and one octave. Each record is a half-round number of concerts A (A 4 ). Let this distance be represented by n . If the note is above A 4 , then n is positive; if under A 4 , then negative n . Frequency not ( f ) (assuming the same temperament) then:
Sebagai contoh, seseorang dapat menemukan frekuensi C 5 , C pertama di atas A 4 . Ada 3 setengah langkah antara A 4 dan C 5 (A 4 -> A ? 4 -> B 4 -> C 5 ), dan catatan di atas A 4 , jadi n = 3. Frekuensi not adalah:
Untuk menemukan frekuensi catatan di bawah A4, nilai n negatif. Misalnya, F di bawah A 4 adalah F 4 . Ada 4 setengah langkah (A 4 -> A ? 4 -> G 4 -> G ? 4 -> F 4 ), dan catatan di bawah A 4 , jadi n = -4. Frekuensi not adalah:
Finally, it can be seen from this formula that octave automatically generates twice the original frequency, since n is a multiple of 12 (12 k i> is the number of octaves up or down), so the formula reduces to:
yields a factor of 2. In fact, this is the way how this formula is derived, combined with the idea of ​​equally distant intervals.
Semitone distance is equally divided into 100 cents. So 1,200 cents equals an octave - a 2: 1 frequency ratio. This means that the cents are exactly the same as 1200 ? 2 , which is approximately 1,000 578 .
Untuk digunakan dengan standar MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), pemetaan frekuensi ditentukan oleh:
di mana p adalah nomor catatan MIDI (dan 69 adalah jumlah semitone antara C -1 (catatan 0) dan A 4 ). Dan dalam arah yang berlawanan, untuk mendapatkan frekuensi dari catatan MIDI p , rumus didefinisikan sebagai:
For notes in an A440 equivalent temperament, this formula gives the standard MIDI record number ( p ). Other frequencies fill the space between all numbers evenly. This allows MIDI instruments to be tuned accurately on a microtuning scale, including non-western traditional tuning.
History of note names
The music notation system has been using alphabet letters for centuries. The 6th century philosopher, Boethius, is known to have used the first fourteen letters of the classic Latin alphabet (letter J does not exist until the 16th century),
- A B C D E F G H I K L M T O,
to signify the records of the two octave ranges used at the time and in the notation of modern scientific notes represented as < 2 < 3 D 3 E 3 < 3 < 3 C 4 D 4 E 4 F 4 G 4 .
Although it is not known whether this is its use or general use at the time, it is still called Boethian notation . Although Boethius was the first author known to use this nomenclature in the literature, Ptolemy writes about the span of two octaves five centuries earlier, calling it a perfect system or complete system - compared to the distance records system small ones that do not contain all possible octave species (ie, seven octaves ranging from A, B, C, D, E, F, and G).
After this, the range (or compass) of the records used extends to three octaves, and the system of repetition of the letter AG in each octave is introduced, it is written as lower case for the second octave (ag) and double lowercase. letter for the third (aa-gg). When the range is extended by one note, to G, the note is denoted by Greek gamma (?). (From here the French word for scale, gamme is derived, and the English word gamut, from "Gamma-Ut", the lowest note in Medieval music notation.)
The remaining five notes of the chromatic scale (the black button on the piano keyboard) are added gradually; the first one is B ? , because B is flattened in certain modes to avoid the dislocated tritone interval. This change is not always displayed in the notation, but when it is written, B ? (B-flat) is written as Latin, round "b", and B ? (B-natural) Gothic script (known as Blackletter) or "hard edged" b. It evolved into a modern flat ( ? ) and the natural ( ? ) symbols respectively. Sharp symbols appear from the letter b called "b canceled".
In some parts of Europe, including Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Norway, Denmark, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Finland, and Iceland (and Sweden before the 1990s), Gothic b turned into H (possibly for < i> hart , German for hard , or just because Gothic b is similar to H). Therefore, in German music notation, H is used instead of B ? (B-natural), and B instead of B ? (B-flat). Sometimes, music written in German for international use will use H for B-natural and B b for B-flat (with modern lowercase-script b instead of a flat mark). Because Bes or B ? in Northern Europe (ie, B elsewhere) is rare and unorthodox (more likely to be declared Heses), it is generally clear what this notation means.
In Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Romanian, Greek, Russian, Mongolian, Flemish, Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Turkish scale notation notations are given in the case of Do-Re-Mi-Fa-Sol-La-Si than CDEFGAB. These names follow the original name supposedly given by Guido d'Arezzo, who has taken it from the first syllable of the first six phrases of the first music of the Gregorian song "Ut queant laxis", which begins on an appropriate scale. This became the basis of the solfÃÆ'¨ge system. "Do" then replaces the original "Ut" for ease of singing (most probably from Dominic , Lord), though "Ut" is still used in some places. "Si" or "Ti" is added as the seventh level (from Sancte Johannes , St. John, to whom the hymn is devoted). The use of "Si" versus "Ti" varies regionally.
The two most commonly used notation systems today are the Helmholtz tone notation system and the scientific pitch notation system. As shown in the table above, both include several octaves, each starting from C rather than A. The reason is that the most commonly used scale in Western music is the major scale, and the CDEFGABC sequence (C major scale) is the simplest example of scale. Indeed, this is the only large scale that can be obtained using natural records (white buttons on the piano keyboard) and usually the first musical scale taught in music schools.
In a newly developed system, mainly used in the United States, scale records become independent of musical notation. In this system, the CDEFGAB nature symbol refers to the absolute record, whereas the name Do-Re-Mi-Fa-So-La-Ti relativizes and shows only the relationship between pitches, where Do is the name of the basic pitch of the scale, Re is the name of second note, etc. The idea of ​​the so-called Do move, originally suggested by John Curwen in the 19th century, was fully developed and involved into the entire educational system by ZoltÃÆ'¡n Kodá¡ly in the mid-20th century, a system known as the Kodály method or the concept of Kodá¡ly.
See also
- Ghostnote
- Grace note
- Music tone
- Pensato
- Universal key
References
Bibliography
- Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and Discourse: Towards Music Semiology ( Musicologie gÃÆ' Â © nÃÆ' Â © rale et sÃÆ' Â © miologue , 1987). Translated by Carolyn Abbate (1990). ISBNÃ, 0-691-02714-5.
External links
- Converter: Frequency to note name, Ã, Â ± sen
- Note the name, keyboard position, frequency and MIDI number
- Music notation system - The same frequency of tuning temperatures - British and American systems versus German systems
- Number of music frequencies
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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