There is no official national sign language in Singapore. Since Singapore's independence in 1965, deaf communities in Singapore have to adapt to many language changes. Today, the local deaf community recognizes Singapore's Sign Language (SgSL) as a reflection of the diverse linguistic culture in Singapore. SgSL is influenced by Shanghai Sign Language (SSL), American Sign Language (ASL), Signing Exact English (SEE-II) and locally developed signs. The total number of deaf clients enrolled in the Singapore Association for Deaf (SADeaf), an organization that advocates equal opportunities in all aspects for deaf and deaf support, is 5756 by 2014. In Singapore, it is known that 1 in 1000 is hearing impaired.
Video Sign language in Singapore
Signal history in Singapore
1935sThe history of sign language in Singapore can be traced back to 1951 when Peng Tsu Ying left China to Singapore to teach children with hearing impairment in their homes. Born in Shanghai, Peng became deaf at age six, and was educated at Hong Kong School for the Deaf (now known as Chun Tok School) and Shanghai Chung Wah School for the Deaf. With the educational background of Peng in Shanghai Sign Language (SSL) and together with a group of Chinese merchants, in March 1954, the Singapore Chinese Sign School for the deaf was opened. Singapore then, mostly Chinese and many varieties are spoken. Peng and his wife, who are also deaf, use SSL in sign schools to teach children to read in Chinese, and other subjects at the elementary level.
During the same period in the early 1950s, the Singapore Red Cross began conducting oral classes for deaf children and providing counseling services to parents of children with hearing impairment. As demand for the class increased, the Singapore Red Cross Society and officials from the Department of Social Welfare established the Singapore Association for the Deaf (SADeaf) (later known as the Deaf and Mute Association of Singapore) in 1955. It was 1963 when the school of sign and oral schools joined to become the Singapore School for the Deaf (SSD). At the same venue, students in oral schools are taught in English as a medium of instruction, while students at the school signing department are taught in Chinese, with SSL as instructional medium.
1966 - Double language policy
The bilingual education policy, which came into force in 1966, marks the linguistic transition for Singapore. The policy of placing English as the main medium of instruction. Since English is the language of instruction in the education sector, parents can choose education through one of the four official languages ​​(Mandarin, Malay, Tamil) but all students must also study English, in non-English-medium schools. The government then requires all schools to teach Mathematics and Science in English from the main.
This policy is important for the local deaf community because it has marked a change in educating deaf people. Singapore, once under colonial rule, has been influenced by the British in learning English through oral methods. In addition, mainstream education in Singapore is moving towards education and British schools are beginning to turn to English as a medium of instruction. This creates a dilemma for deaf communities because the oral method is not suitable for every student. While parents want their children to learn English, they have learned SSL, which is associated with written Chinese.
1970s
Lim Chin Heng, a former student under Peng, goes to the United States (US) to learn English and their sign system, American Sign Language (ASL). While studying, Lim must also know some professors and writers in the USA who developed a sign system for teaching English specifically, called English Signing (SEE-II). Lim became the first Singaporean to enter Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C, an American university for the hearing impaired. He graduated with a degree in Mathematics, returned to Singapore and introduced ASL to the deaf community in 1974. Written English is known to be associated with ASL because ASL has seen the smallest number of generational breaks and transmitted well compared to European counterparts. The international deaf community sees America as having a strong tradition of protecting the rights of deaf and deaf people. Therefore, ASL was adopted to teach English as a medium of instruction to the deaf because it is considered the best sign language for learning English.
In 1976, SADeaf invited Frances M. Parsons, then a professor at Gallaudet University to promote Total Communications. Total communication is a philosophy that uses signs, speech, gestures, reading reading, amplification, finger spelling, and/or other communication modes to provide linguistic input to children with hearing impairment. In the same year, Lim also brought back SEE-II to the local deaf community.
In 1977, the Total Communications approach was fully implemented in SSDs. Lim also teaches basic ASL classes for teachers and ultimately ASL is taught to students in SSD. In 1978, SEE-II was adopted as a mode of communication and instruction by SADeaf in its affiliated schools, in SSD and Vocational School for the Disabled (now known as Mountbatten Vocational School). However, the SSD marking section, which uses SSL, was phased out in 1983 because gradually fewer elderly people chose Chinese education for their children with hearing impairment.
In 1985, SADeaf joined the World Deaf Federation.
2000s
The term Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) was created by Andrew Tay in 2008. Tay emphasized the importance of SgSL in deaf communities to help the deaf develop their self-esteem, confidence, cognitive strength and recognize their deaf identity.
Attend
Today, the sign language used in Singapore is a mix of growing signs of Shanghai, America and locally. It consists of various types of systems, including SEE-II, Pidgin Signed English (PSE) and movement. SgSL is socially recognized and accepted by the deaf community in Singapore, and is a reflection of Singapore's diverse linguistic culture.
Maps Sign language in Singapore
Language and sign system used in Singapore
Although Singapore does not have a national sign language, the local deaf community recognizes Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) as a native Singaporean sign language. This is because sign language in Singapore has evolved over the last 6 decades since the establishment of the first school for local hearing in 1954. Therefore, there is an important need to preserve and maintain the local signs created by deaf communities in Singapore since the early 1950s -an. Sign language has been adopted and used by local deaf communities as a result of linguistic changes. SgSL is influenced by Shanghai Sign Language (SSL), American Sign Language (ASL), Signing Exact English (SEE-II) and locally developed signs. It also consists of various types of systems, including SEE-II, Pidgin Signed English (PSE) and gestures. Today, SgSL consists of the following sign language and system:
System language
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Pidgin Signed English (PSE)
Pidgin Signed English (PSE) is a variation or style of language that arises from the contact between the natural sign language (in this case is SgSL) and the spoken language around it, or between different sign languages. This involves the use of SgSL following an oral English word sequence with simplified or reduced grammar. The use of PSE also occurs when there is contact between two sign language. In this case, signs of foreign loans, code redirection, fingerpelling, mouthing, and mixed systems are used.
System marks
English Signed (SEE-II)
SEE-II is a Manually Programmed English system. It is a visual English sign system through the hands. It was developed in 1969 in Southern California, USA with the goal of teaching deaf-speaking children in English. Approximately 75% to 80% of SEE-II marks are borrowed from ASL or modified ASL marks. Unlike ASL, SEE-II is not a language but only a communication mode.
Current approach to deaf education
Oral Approach
Children with hearing loss receive education through oral approach methods at the Canossian School for Hearing Loss (CSHI). The Service Directory for Persons with Disabilities states that students in CSHI are taught using Oral Auditory-Oral Philosophy, which emphasizes the use of auditions. Unlike Singapore School of the Deaf (SSD) students, who are currently the only other Singaporean school specializing in education for deaf children, teaching is done without signs or sign language. Patients with hearing impairment in public schools access the school curriculum through speeches, in the same environment as their hearing friends.
Technological advances and the development of hearing aids and cochlear implants allow children with hearing impairments to participate in the classroom. Additional therapeutic programs provided by schools and other specialized institutions, such as in the case of CSHI with Verbal Audio Therapy (AVT) or the Listen and Speak program at Singapore General Hospital, aim to improve the performance of children with hearing loss in a useful setting. The Listen and Talk program uses the Auditory-Verbal approach, which helps children access speech and language primarily through auditory input. This makes it possible to integrate affected children in public schools so that their classmates listeners function as important language models in their learning process.
Approach sign
American Sign Language (ASL) was introduced to the Singapore deaf community by Lim Chin Heng, in 1974. Lim Chin Heng was ordered by Peng Tsu Ying and an additional English and ASL study at Gallaudet University, a university for the deaf, in the United States. During that period, mainstream education in Singapore shifted from a diverse language teaching system to uniformity. English is promoted as a medium of instruction in Singapore schools and therefore ASL serves as a medium of instruction. ASL is still used in Singapore today.
Signing Exact English (SEE-II) is not the language itself but a tool for representing ASL vocabulary using English grammar. Therefore, SEE-II is an English version of encoded sign.
Challenges
Sign language is often seen as a language that is subject to spoken language. For adults and children in deaf communities, this perception effectively leads to the deaf, to some extent, being unable to learn sign language, which negatively impacts their social life. Deaf and Hard Establishment The Singapore Federation recognizes that sign language is not a popular choice for educating deaf populations, but it would be beneficial for parents to expose their deaf children to both signs and verbal (sign language and spoken language).
Local Observation
It is difficult to determine whether bilingual education programs (for indigenous and English) for deaf in Singapore will be useful, as little is known about their language. There is a lack of government documentation that recognizes indigenous sign language in Singapore, so there are not many applicable rules to monitor how useful sign language is for Singaporeans and their deaf residents; this is a continuous process in improving its application.
In Singapore, no one is able to identify the language of a deaf person, although the public will say deaf use "sign language" to communicate. This "sign language", Signing Exact English (SEE-II), is not a sign language, but the English sign system is Manually. While the SEE-II system continues to be used to help deaf people improve their understanding of English, Sign Language Singapore (SgSL) evolves as another method for them to communicate. And both systems posed a challenge to set sign language as standard in Singapore.
Challenges Facing Signing Proper English (VIEW-II)
This is an ongoing issue regarding the use of SEE-II to educate deaf children of Singapore and even adults, to some extent. This is because most of the deaf populations in Singapore are not from homes whose mother tongue is English. Thus, parents have difficulty learning sign language because this class is only done in English and SEE-II. The idea behind this system is that Deaf children will learn English better if they are exposed to, visually through the signs, to the features of English grammar. However, their exposure does not necessarily provide children with complete linguistic access, which is necessary to internalize the entire language. So, there needs to be a better way for parents with deaf kids to communicate effectively with them. On the other hand, if the attention to SEE-II is not resolved, more parents may choose not to educate their sons and/or daughters using SEE-II or sign language.
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There is a need to standardize the use of the Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) based on cultural elements. Language instruction The Right English Language Signature for the Deaf is not used to being among themselves in the deaf community. Although SEE-II was adopted as the language of instruction among deaf children in Singapore since 1977, and its use as a communication system within the deaf community in Singapore, it is very important to maintain and maintain local signs created by deaf communities in Singapore since the early 1950s. With the Singapore Sign Language (SgSL), depending on the background of the Deaf, local SgSL signs are often found and used by them, and they do not need to be formally and formally indexed. This is a concern that basically, SgSL language is suitable for a lot of ambiguity when it comes to its expression. In addition, the Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) has not been through any form of linguistic research/research; this is due to lack of resources and government funding. This basically means that it is difficult to rely on a deaf population to provide updates on local vocabulary and SgSL signaling systems, and pose greater obstacles to the Language Interpreting Language community in getting a better handle on and on the language itself.
Currently, the Linguistics Sub-Committee at the Singapore Association conducts interesting research into SgSL for the Deaf (SADeaf). They aim to establish sign banks to record locally developed signs and also to better understand the SgSL so as to create resources for the general public as well as members of the Deaf community. They try to advance in SgSL research to lead to the development of corpus. And out of the development of the corpus, the goal is to produce more accurate material in sign language teaching. However, this will take a long time to happen, because this is still in its early stages; this is the case because this problem is very complex in Singapore.
Moving forward
The linguistic subtitle of Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) has been established to conduct research on SgSL which will ultimately lead to the development of the corpus, which will be used to produce more accurate material in SgSL teaching. The committee is in second term. Plans have also been made to start preschools that focus on language acquisition.
In addition, SADeaf organizes carnivals and exhibits with its partners to reach out and promote public understanding of deafness and the consciousness of the deaf in society. SADeaf recently hosted SgSL Week 2014, from 22 to 28 September 2014, in conjunction with the International Week for the Deaf. The theme for International Week for the Deaf is "Strengthening Human Diversity". The SgSL Week is a platform for local deaf communities to stand proud as Deaf, and to promote SgSL and Tuli cultural awareness.
Based on the situation in Singapore, there are further recommendations that may be made for Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) to go further, and establish themselves in a more prominent sense. More people who hear in Singapore need to be educated at SgSL, learn it and the manual alphabet to provide more communication and social interaction between hearing and hearing alike. What has been acknowledged is the need to give every child deaf as early as possible in his life as much as possible of language education through any correct communication input; sign language education to meet their needs; there is no need for communication methods to override others.
See also
- American Sign Language
- Chinese Sign Language
- Deaf culture
- Finger reading
- Hearing loss
- Language Code Manually
- Pidgin Signed English
- Sign Language
- Signing the Right English
- Total Communication
References
External links
- Singapore's sign language page at the Deaf People Association of Singapore.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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