Pregnancy symptoms and discomfort are presentations and conditions resulting from pregnancy but do not significantly interfere with daily life activities or pose a significant threat to maternal or infant health, in contrast to pregnancy complications. However, there is often no clear separation between symptoms versus inconvenience versus complications, and in some cases the same basic features may manifest as discomfort or complications depending on severity. For example, mild nausea may be just a morning sickness, but if severe and with vomiting causes electrolyte imbalance the water can be classified as a pregnancy complication (hyperemesis gravidarum).
Video Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy
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Mual (morning sickness)
Morning sickness occurs in about seventy percent of all pregnant women, and usually improves after the first trimester. Despite being described as "morning sickness", women can experience this nausea during the afternoon, afternoon, and throughout the day. Unfortunately there is no solid evidence to suggest a successful treatment for all women. Ginger can help some women but the results change from study to study.
Bleeding
Very common to have bleeding early in pregnancy, this is associated with implantation bleeding and can be misinterpreted as a regular period. However implantation bleeding is usually much milder and in many cases sanitary napkins are not required. Although excessive bleeding in the first trimester may also be associated with miscarriage.
Back pain
Back pain often occurs in pregnancy, can be very debilitating and may worsen in later pregnancy. Estimates of prevalence ranging from 35% to 61% have been reported, with half or more starting from the fifth month. Back pain is believed to be caused by posture changes and can be worse at night. Low-to-moderate quality evidence suggests that there is a benefit of water training, massage therapy, and back care classes. There is a small amount of evidence to suggest that acupuncture, craniosacral therapy, osteomanipulative therapy or multi-modal intervention (manual therapy, exercise and education) can also be useful. Classroom re-treatment for pregnancy includes various exercises and guidance. General exercises that are not adjusted to strengthen the back can not prevent or reduce back pain, but more research is needed to be sure. Maternity support belts have not been shown to reduce back pain in pregnancy. They may have some adverse effects, including pain and skin irritation for the mother, and potential effects on the fetus.
Pelvic pelvic pain
Pelvic pelvic pain is complex and multi-factorial and may be represented by a series of subgroups with different driver pain causes of peripheral or central nervous system, alter muscle weakness/stiffness, neglect of tendinous/ligament injury to malignant body mechanics. Musculo-skeletal mechanics involved in walking and weighty activities can be mild to very disturbed. PGP can start fairy or postpartum. Land-based or water-based exercises can help prevent and treat low back and pelvic pain but research on this is of poor quality. There is pain, instability or dysfunction in the symphysis pubis and/or sacroiliac joints. Evidence of moderate quality of systematic reviews suggests that exercise or acupuncture reduces pelvic pain or lumbo pain over ordinary treatments.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Occurs between about 21% to 62% of cases, possibly due to edema.
Leg cramp
Foot cramps (spontaneous seizures in the calf muscle) can affect between 30% and 50% of women during pregnancy, especially during the last three months of pregnancy. Foot cramps can be very painful and usually last only a few seconds, they can last for several minutes. It is unclear whether some oral drug treatments (such as magnesium, calcium, vitamin B or vitamin C) are effective in treating leg cramps during pregnancy, or whether the treatment is safe for the mother or baby. There is no evidence to assess the effectiveness and safety of other non-drug treatments such as heat therapy, massage or muscle stretching (or dorso-leg flexion).
Constipation
Constipation is believed to be caused by decreased bowel mobility secondary to an increase in progesterone (normal in pregnancy), which can lead to greater water uptake, but can also be caused or aggravated by iron supplementation. It causes "smooth muscle" along the intestinal wall to relax. So make sure that the expectant mother will absorb as much nutrition as possible from her food to nourish the fetus and herself. As a side effect, the dirt can be very dehydrated and difficult to miss. Constipation may decrease as pregnancy progresses, with rates as high as 39% at 14 weeks' gestation reduced to 20% at 36 weeks in one study at a time when iron supplementation is common.
Modify foods with more fiber or fiber supplements. Also, increased PO flu, stool softeners, bulking agents and eating fruit and fiber-fortified foods often help. There is not enough evidence to say the best way to treat constipation in pregnancy. Stimulant laxatives may help but also cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Fiber supplements can also help.
A woman who has a bowel movement suddenly has to report this to the practitioner.
Contraction
The occasional, irregular, painless contractions that occur several times per day are normal and are known as Braxton Hicks contractions. Can be aggravated by dehydration that will respond to increased fluid intake. Regular contractions (every 10-15 minutes) are a sign of preterm labor and should be assessed by cervical examination.
Dehydration
Due to the expanded intravascular space and the increase in the third distance of the liquid. Complications include uterine contractions, which may occur because dehydration causes the release of ADH, which is similar to oxytocin in the structure. Oxytocin alone can cause uterine contractions so ADH can react with the oxytocin receptor and cause contractions.
Edema
Compression of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the pelvic vein by the uterus causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the lower limb. Treatments include lifting the legs above the heart, advising the patient to sleep next to him to prevent the uterus from affecting the inferior vena cava, reflexology, water emission & amp; compression stockings.
Regurgitation and heartburn
Regurgitation and heartburn in pregnancy are caused by relaxation of the esophageal sphincter (LES) and increased transit time in the stomach (normal in pregnancy), and by increased intraabdominal pressure, caused by enlarged uterus.
Regurgitation and heartburn in pregnancy can be at least reduced by eating a few small meals a day, avoiding eating within three hours of sleeping, and sitting upright while eating.
If dietary and lifestyle changes are not enough, antacids and alginates may be needed to control indigestion, especially if the symptoms are mild. If this, in turn, is not enough, proton pump inhibitors can be used.
If more severe, it may be diagnosed as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Varicose
Dilation of blood vessels in the legs is caused by smooth muscle relaxation and increased intravascular pressure due to increased fluid volume. Treatment involves foot elevation and pressure stockings to reduce swelling along with warm sitz baths to reduce pain. There is a small amount of evidence that rutocide (herbal remedy) can alleviate the symptoms of varicose veins at the end of pregnancy but it is not yet known whether rutoside is safe for consumption in pregnancy. Risk factors include obesity, long standing or sitting, constricting clothing and constipation and pads with bowel movements
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids (piles) are swollen veins in or within the anus area, resulting from venous backflow disorders, associated with constipation, or increased intra-abdominal pressure in subsequent pregnancies. They are more common in pregnant women than non-pregnant women. Reported by 16% of women at 6 months postpartum. Most pregnant women in countries where diets are not fiber-based can develop hemorrhoids, although they usually do not show symptoms. Hemorrhoids can cause bleeding, itching, impurities or pain, and they can become choked. Symptoms can heal spontaneously after pregnancy, although hemorrhoids are also common in the days after childbirth. Conservative treatments for hemorrhoids in pregnancy include diet modification, local treatment, bowel or depressant stimulants, or phlebotonics (to strengthen capillaries and improve microcirculation). Treatment with oral hydroxyethylrutosides can help correct first- and second-degree hemorrhoids, but more information about safety in pregnancy is needed. Treatments and other approaches have not been evaluated in pregnant women.
Pica
Pica is a desire for inedible items such as dirt or clay. This is due to normal iron deficiency during pregnancy and can be overcome with iron in pranatal vitamins or, if severe parenteral iron.
Round Lining or Lower abdominal pain
Due to the rapid expansion of the uterus and stretching ligaments such as round ligaments. This pain is usually treated with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
Increased urinary frequency
Due to increased intravascular volume, increased GFR (glomerular filtration rate), and widespread bladder compression by the uterus. It may seem rather abrupt by the involvement of the fetal head to a cephalic presentation. Patients are advised to continue fluid intake despite this. Urinalysis and culture should be instructed to exclude infection, which can also lead to an increase in urinary frequency but is usually accompanied by dysuria (pain during urination).
Diastasis recti or abdominal separation
During pregnancy, many women experience a separation of their abdominal muscles, known as diastasis recti. It affects the rectus abdominis muscle.
The muscle of the rectus abdominis is divided into the middle by a line of tendons called linea alba. This is maintained in line with the abdominal muscles and oblique abdominal oblique. During pregnancy, the growth of the fetus puts pressure on the muscles of the abdominal cavity, especially the abdominal rectum. In fetal fast-growing pregnancies or women with very weak abdominal muscles, this pressure may occasionally cause a separate rectus abdominal muscle along the alba line, creating a split between the left and right sides of the abdominal rectum.
About one third of all pregnant women experience diastasis rekti at some point in their pregnancy, but are much more likely to occur during the second trimester or third trimester of pregnancy. However, separation also occurs frequently during labor and delivery, or with women who carry more than one baby. Many cases of recti diastasis self-correct after birth, but some do not. In cases where he is sedentary, exercise can help improve conditions, and sometimes surgery is needed to correct problems to prevent future pain and complications.
Striae gravidarum
Striae gravidarum (a pregnancy-related stretch mark) occurs in 50% to 90% of women, and is caused by skin stretching and by the effects of hormonal changes in the fibers of the skin. They are more common in younger women, colored women, women have larger babies and overweight or obese women, and they sometimes run in families. Stretch marks generally begin as a red or purple line (striae rubra), fading into pale or flesh color (striae alba) after a pregnancy which will generally be permanent. They most often appear on the abdomen, breast, buttocks, thighs, and arms, and can cause itching and discomfort. Although some types of multi-component cream are marketed and used, along with vitamin E creams, cocoa butter, almond oil and olive oil, nothing has been shown to prevent or reduce the stretch marks in pregnancy. Safety for use in pregnancy from one herbal ingredient used in some products, Centella asiatica, has been questioned. Some treatments used to reduce scarring, such as topical tretinoin lasers, are sometimes used on stretch marks, but evidence on them is limited. Topical tretinoin has been shown to cause malformations in animals, without adequate human studies of safety in human pregnancies.
Generalize itching
This is a fairly common complaint in pregnancy to have a common itching that is not due to systemic disease or skin lesions. Itching is very frustrating and can interfere with sleep that causes fatigue and impaired quality of life. But until now, there is no satisfactory treatment for these symptoms. So more research is needed to determine which management is possible, effective, and safe.
Maps Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy
See also
- Pregnancy complications
- Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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