Technical drawing , drafting or drawing , is an action and discipline of writing images that visually communicate how something works or is constructed.
Technical drawings are essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering. To make images easier to understand, people use symbols, perspectives, measurement units, notation systems, visual styles, and familiar page layouts. Together, such conventions form a visual language and help ensure that the images are not ambiguous and relatively easy to understand. Many symbols and technical drawing principles are codified in an international standard called ISO 128.
The need for proper communication in the preparation of functional documents distinguishes technical drawings from expressive visual art images. Artistic images are interpreted subjectively; the meaning is much determined. Technical drawings are understood to have one meaning intended.
A drafter, draftsperson, or a scribe is a person who creates an image (technical or expressive). A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a designer technician. Professional design is a desirable and necessary function in the design and manufacture of complex mechanical and machine components. Professional designers link the gap between engineers and manufacturers and contribute their experience and technical expertise to the design process.
Video Technical drawing
Method
Sketch
Sketches are drawings that are drawn quickly and drawn freely which are not intended to be finished works. In general, sketching is a quick way to record ideas for later use. Sketch architects primarily serve as a way to try different ideas and make compositions before more work is done, especially when the work is done expensive and time consuming.
The architectural sketch, for example, is a kind of diagram. These sketches, like metaphors, are used by architects as a means of communication in helping design collaborations. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical temporary design solutions and summarizes their complex patterns, with this enhanced design process.
Manual or with instrument
The basic preparation procedure is to place a sheet of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right angles and straight sides - usually a drawing board. A sliding ruler known as T-square is then placed on one side, allowing it to slide on the side of the table, and on the surface of the paper.
"Parallel lines" can be pulled only by moving the T-square and running a pencil or technical pen along the edge of the T-square. T-square is used to store other devices such as square sets or triangles. In this case, the conceptor places one or more triangles from a known angle on T-square - which is itself in the right-hand corner to the edge of the table - and can then draw a line at each selected angle for others on the page. Modern drafting tables are equipped with drafting machines that are supported on both sides of the table to slide on a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, the line drawn along the edge is secured parallel.
In addition, the drafter uses some technical drawing tools to draw curves and circles. The main one of them is the compass, used for drawing simple bow and circle, and French curve, for drawing curves. Spline is a rubber-coated articulated metal that can be bent manually to most of the curves.
Drafting templates help the drafter by creating repetitive objects in images without having to reproduce objects from scratch at any time. This is very useful when using common symbols; ie in the context of the stagecraft, the lighting designer will draw from the standard symbol of USITT lighting fixtures to show the position of the general equipment in several positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized for specific tasks, but also unusual for the drafters to create their own templates.
This basic stretching system requires accurate tables and constant attention to device positioning. A common mistake is to let the triangle push the top of the T-square down a little, throwing away all the corners. Even simple tasks such as drawing two slashes that meet at a point require a number of T-square and triangle movements, and in general, compilation can be a time-consuming process.
The solution to this problem is the mechanical introduction of "draft machines", pantograph applications (sometimes referred to as "pentagraph" in this situation) allowing the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page fast enough. These machines often include the ability to change angles, thus eliminating the need for triangles as well.
In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper - with respect to the details of the physical object - the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, trigonometry and spatial understanding, and in all cases demanding precision and accuracy, and attention to detail high order.
Although the arrangement is sometimes done by a project engineer, architect, or store clerk (such as an engineer), a skilled designer (and/or designer) usually completes the task, and is always in great demand.
Computer-aided design
Today, the stretching task mechanism has been largely automated and accelerated through the use of computer-aided design (CAD) systems.
There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of two-dimensional ("2D") and three-dimensional ("3D") technical drawings.
2D CAD systems like AutoCAD or MicroStation replace the paper image discipline. Lines, circles, bows, and curves are created in the software. It depends on the user's technical drawing skills to produce the image. There is still plenty of room for error in drawing when producing first and third angle orthography projections, additional projections and cross sections. The CAD 2D system is just an electronic drawing board. His greatest strength in drawing techniques straight to paper is in the making of revisions. While in conventional hand drawing drawing drawings, if errors are found, or modifications are required, new images must be made from scratch, 2D CAD systems allow a copy of modified original documents, saving a lot of time. The 2D CAD system can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but does not provide a way to check the various components that will fit together.
3D CAD systems (such as KeyCreator, Autodesk Inventor, or SolidWorks) first generate part geometry; Technical drawings come from user-defined views of the geometry. Any orthographic, projection or section view is made by software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for errors comes in setting the first or third corner projection parameters and displaying the relevant symbols on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows each part to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, planes, boats, and cars are modeled, assembled, and inspected in 3D before technical drawing is released for manufacture.
Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for each discipline. Various disciplines (electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) have industry-recognized symbols to represent common components.
BS and ISO produce standards to indicate recommended practices but it is up to individuals to produce images. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard throughout the technical workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross-sectional views.
Drafting can represent two dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D") even though the representation itself is always created in 2D â € <â € <(see architecture model). Drafting is an integral communication of engineering drawings or techniques and is a sub-discipline of industrial art that underlies all the technical effort involved.
In representing complex three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional images, objects can be represented by at least one view plus a note of material thickness, 2, 3 or as many views and sections as needed to display all object features.
Maps Technical drawing
Applications for technical drawings
Architecture
Art and design that goes into building is known as "architecture". To communicate all aspects of shape or design, detail drawing is used. In this field, the term plan is often used when referring to the full-part view of these images viewed from three feet above the floor so to indicate the location of doors, windows, stairs, etc. Architectural drawings describe and document architect design.
Engineering
Techniques can be a very broad term. It comes from the Latin ingenerare , which means "to create". Since this can apply to all that human beings create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of a technical drawing. Technical drawings generally relate to mechanically engineered items, such as parts and equipment produced.
Technical drawings are usually made in accordance with standard conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typography and line style), size, etc.
The goal is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or component. The ultimate goal of engineering drawing is to convey all the necessary information that will allow the manufacturer to produce that component.
Related fields
Technical illustration
Technical illustration is the use of illustrations to communicate information visually technical. Technical illustrations may be drawings or technical diagrams of components. The purpose of technical illustration is "to produce expressive images that effectively convey certain information through the visual channel to human observers".
The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these things to a more or less non-technical audience. Visual imagery should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what the object is or not, to increase audience interest and understanding".
According to Viola (2005), "illustrative techniques are often designed in ways that even people without technical understanding clearly understand the artwork.Using a wide range of lines to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helps make line drawings more easily understood by ordinary people Cross hatching, rounding, and other low abstraction techniques give greater depth and dimension to the subject matter ".
Draw cutaway
The cutaway image is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of the three-dimensional model is removed to show some interior models in relation to its exterior.
The purpose of the cutaway image is to "allow viewers to see inside a dense opaque object." Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, part of the outer object is simply deleted.This results in a visual appearance as if someone has cut off a part of the object or cut it into pieces Cutaway illustration avoids ambiguity with respect to spatial ordering, provides sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitates a good understanding of spatial â €?
Technical image
Technical image type
Both types of technical drawings are based on graphical projection. This is used to create three-dimensional object images onto two-dimensional surfaces.
Two-dimensional representation
Two-dimensional representation uses orthographic projection to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are visible.
Three-dimensional representation
In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to as an image, the three dimensions of the object are visible.
Views
Multiview
Multiview is a type of orthographic projection. There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In either case, the front side or the main side of the object is the same. The first angle is drawing the side of the object based on where they land. For example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is visible will be pulled to the right side of the front. The third angle draws the side of the object based on where they are located. For example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is actually seen is the left side of the object and will be pulled to the left side of the front
Section
While multiview is related to the external surface of the object, the display section shows the imaginary plane cutting the object. It's often useful to show voids in an object.
Auxiliary
Assist view using additional projection fields other than common fields in multi-display. Since the features of an object need to show the actual shape and size of the object, the projection field must be parallel to the surface of the object. Therefore, any surface that is not aligned with the three major axes requires its own projection field to show the feature correctly.
Pattern
Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed to then bend or fold into a three-dimensional shape.
Explode
An exploded-view image is a technical drawing of an object showing the relationship or assembly sequence of the various parts. It shows the components of an object that are slightly separated by distance or suspended in the surrounding space in the case of exploding three-dimensional diagrams. An object is represented as if there was a small controlled explosion originating from the center of the object, causing the parts of the object to be separated relative distances away from its original location.
Exploded view images (EVD) can indicate the desired assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems usually the component closest to the center is assembled first or is the main part where the other parts are assembled. This image can also help represent parts of it, where external parts are usually removed first.
Standards and conventions
Basic draft paper size
There are many standard paper sizes at different times and in different countries, but today most of the world uses international standards (A4 and their siblings). North America uses its own size.
Patent image
Applicants for patents will be required by law to provide an image of the invention if or when the nature of the case requires an image to understand the invention with the work. This image must be submitted with the application. It covers almost any invention except the composition of matter or process, but the image can also be useful in many processes.
The drawing shall indicate each feature of the invention determined in the claim and required by the rules of the patent office to be in a particular form. The office determines the size of the sheet where the image was made, the type of paper, the margin, and other details relating to the drawing. The reason for setting standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent and image issues must also be such that they can be easily understood by those who use the patent descriptions.
A collection of technical drawings
Working image for production
A working drawing is a series of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product. In architecture, these include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical system drawings, electrical drawings, and pipe drawings.
Assembly drawing
The assembly drawings show how different parts work together, identify the parts with numbers, and have a list of sections, often referred to as bill of materials. In the technical service guide, this type of image may be referred to as a bursting picture or display chart. These parts can be used in engineering.
Completed images
Also called As-Built Drawings or As-made Drawings. Paired images represent records of completed works, literally 'as installed'. It is based on working drawings and updated to reflect changes or changes made during construction or manufacture.
See also
References
Further reading
- Peter J. Booker (1963). History of Technical Drawing . London: Northgate.
- Franz Maria Feldhaus (1963). Technical Drawing History
- Wolfgang LefÃÆ'¨vre ed. (2004). Picturing Machines 1400-1700: How the technical picture forms the initial technical practice. MIT Press, 2004. ISBNÃ, 0-262-12269-3
External links
- Historical technical diagrams and drawings at NASA.
- CAD History
- Drafting Standard
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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