The Transcendental Meditation Technique or TM is a silent mantra meditation form, developed by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Meditation practice involves the use of mantras and is practiced for 15-20 minutes twice a day while sitting with eyes closed. This is one of the most practiced meditation techniques, and among the most studied meditation techniques, with over 340 studies studied by colleagues. Beginning in 1965, Transcendental Meditation techniques have been incorporated into schools, universities, corporations, and prison programs in the United States, Latin America, Europe, and India. In 1977, the US District Court ruled that the curriculum in TM and the Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI) taught in some New Jersey schools were religious and violated the First Amendment. However, this technique has been incorporated in a number of educational and social programs around the world.
This technique has been described as religious and non-religious, as aspects of the new religious movement, rooted in Hinduism, and as a non-religious practice for self-development. During its 50-year history, this technique has high visibility in mass media and effective global propagation, and uses celebrity and scientific support as a marketing tool. Advanced courses complement the TM technique and include an advanced meditation called TM-Sidhi program. In 1970, the Science of Creative Intelligence, described as "modern science with ancient Vedic science", became the theoretical basis for the technique of Transcendental Meditation. Science of Creative Intelligence is pseudosain.
Video Transcendental Meditation technique
Practice
This technique is recommended for 20 minutes twice per day. According to Maharishi, "the bubble of thought is produced in the flow of one after the other," and the Transcendental Meditation technique consists of experiencing "proper thinking" in a more subtle state "until its subtle state is experienced and transcended." Hence by mantra, the technique "seems to fulfill the working definition of concentration practice"; however, the TM organization says that "focused attention" is not specified, and that "goals are a unified and open attitude". Other authors describe this technique as a technique or an easy natural process, and a "well-preserved hypometabolic physiological state". This practice includes a process called "unstressing" that combines "effortless relaxation with spontaneous imagery and emotion". Master TM reminds their students not to worry about random thoughts and to "attend" mantras. Scottish chessmaster Grandmaster Jonathan Rowson has said that his TM exercise provides "a feeling of calmness, energy and balance", but does not provide "a strong insight into your own mind". Laura Tenant, a reporter for The Independent, said that her TM experience included going "to an awake, sleeping or dreaming" and becoming "separate from my physical". Worldwide, four to ten million people are reported as practitioners.
Mantra
TM Technique consists of silently repeating the mantra with "soft effort" while sitting comfortably with closed eyes and without assuming special yoga positions. This spell is said to be a vehicle that allows the individual's attention to travel naturally to a less active force, a calmer mental function. Meditator TM is instructed to keep the secret of their spell to ensure maximum results ("speaking out loud, seemingly defeating the purpose"), to avoid confusion in the minds of meditators, and as "protection against inaccurate teaching".
Options
Maharishi is reported to have standardized and "integrated" the spell selection process by using a certain set of spells and making the selection process "very easy". Psychiatric professor Norman E. Rosenthal writes that during the training provided by a certified TM teacher, "every student is given a certain mantra or sound, with instructions on its proper use". Maharishi says that the selection of the right mind or mantra "becomes even more important when we consider that the power of the mind increases when the mind is rewarded in the stage of the development of its baby". He said that the mantra chosen for the initiates must "resonate with the pulse of his mind and while resonating, create a more soothing influence", and that the vibrations of the chosen spell are "in harmony" with the meditator, and in accordance with their "nature and way of life". Therefore, the student of TM is given a "specially fit mantra." Author George D. Chryssides writes that according to Maharishi, "using any spell can be dangerous"; spells for "householder" and for different ascetics Transcendental Meditation Mantra is a mantra which is right for the householders, while most of the mantras commonly found in books, such as "Om", are a mantra for the ascetics and "can cause a person to withdraw from life".
Former teacher and author of TM, Lola Williamson reported that she told TM students that their mantra was chosen for them based on their personal interviews, while sociologist Roy Wallis, religious scholar J. Gordon Melton and Bainbridge wrote that spells were commissioned by age and gender.. In 1984, 16 mantras were published in Omni magazines based on information from "dissatisfied TM teachers". According to Chryssides, TM teachers say that the promised results depend on a trained Transcendental Meditation teacher who chooses a spell for their students.
Meaning and sound value
In his 1963 book The Science of Being and Art of Living, Maharishi writes that words create vibration waves, and the quality of spell vibrations must match the quality of individual vibrations. Likewise, scholar of religious studies Thomas Forsthoefel writes, "mantra theory is sound theory". Author William Jefferson writes that "euphonics" mantra is important. Sociologist Stephen J. Hunt and others say that the mantra used in the Transcendental Meditation technique "has no meaning", but that "the sound itself" is sacred. In Kerala, India, in 1955, Maharishi spoke of a mantra in the case of a personal god, and according to the scholar of religious studies Cynthia Ann Humes, similar references can be found in his later works.
According to the authors Peter Russell and Norman Rosenthal, the sounds used in this technique are derived from the ancient Vedic tradition, have "no special meaning", and are chosen for their suitability for the individual. However, Maharishi mentions that it is sometimes useful for Mantra to be associated with a particular meaning to fit one's personal psychological background. Author Lola Williamson writes that the bija, or seed spell, used in TM comes from Tantra, rather than the Vedic tradition, and that the bija spells "have traditionally been associated with a particular god and used as a form of worship". According to Needleman, many of the mantras are from the Vedas or Vedic singing, which is "the root for all Hindu scriptures", while the 1977 Malnak v. Yogi accepts the TM mantra as a meaningless sound. Likewise, the philosophy of science scholar and former Maharishi International University professor Jonathan Shear writes in his book Meditation Experience: Experts Introduce the Main Tradition that the mantra used in the TM technique does not depend on language-related meanings, and is used for the value of their own mental sound. Fred Travis of the Maharishi University of Management wrote in a 2009 article published in the International Journal of Psychophysiology that "unlike most mantra meditations, every possible meaning of the mantra is not part of the Transcendental Meditation practice".
Maps Transcendental Meditation technique
Description only
The Transcendental Meditation technique is taught in a standard seven-step course for six days by a certified TM teacher. Except the requirement not to use non-prescription drugs for 15 days before learning TM, all who want to learn are taught as long as they can pay the course fee, which is $ 960 for adults and $ 480 for students. This technique is taught through personal and group instruction by a TM teacher who is trained to teach students and provide follow-up. Instructions are given on a separate day, beginning with a one hour "introductory course" intended to prepare students for the next step. This lecture discusses the potential of mind, social relations, health, and "promotes inner and outer peace". The second step is 45 minutes of "college preparation", the topic is the theory of practice, its origins and its relationship to other types of meditation. This is followed by the third step: a private interview, ten minutes, which allows TM teachers to meet students and answer questions.
According to the TM website, personal instruction sessions take 1-2 hours, and students are required to bring a clean handkerchief, some flowers and fruit, and the cost of their course. Initiation begins with a short puja ceremony performed by the teacher. The purpose of this ceremony is to show respect and gratitude to the "master" descendants of TM, or "Holy Traditions" listed in the Maharishi translation and commentary of the Bhagavad-Gita. It is considered to place students in the right frame of mind to receive spells. The ceremony was performed in a private room with a small "white" altar containing incense, camphor, rice, flowers and images of Maharishi's teacher, Guru Dev. The initiate observed passively when his teacher read the text in Sanskrit. After the ceremony, the "meditators" were "invited to bow", accepted their spells and began to meditate.
On the day after the session of personal instruction, students begin a series of three 90-120 minutes of "teaching sessions", which are held on three consecutive days, called "three-day checks". Their goal is to "verify the truth of practice" and to receive further instructions. The first day checking meetings take place in groups on the day following personal instruction, and provide information on the correct practice based on each student's experience. The second day of examination uses the same group format, and provides further details of the practice mechanism and the potential outcome of the exercise, based on the student's experience. The third day of examination focuses on subjective growth and development of higher potential levels of human awareness, and outlines the follow-up programs available as part of the training. The new meditator then returns for a private follow-up session to confirm that they are practicing the technique correctly, a process called "personal examination". The preferred schedule for advanced classes is 30 minutes, once per week for one month, and once per month afterwards. The purpose of the follow-up, or "checking session", is to verify the practice, provide an opportunity for one-to-one contact with a TM teacher, and to address any issues or questions. Program graduates can access lifelong follow-up programs that include consultation, "refresher course", follow-up courses, and group meditation. Advanced courses include Weekend Residence Program and TM-Sidhi program.
According to the TM organization, TM course costs include "initial training and lifelong follow-up programs", while helping "build and maintain TM centers" and schools in India and around the world. Costs are also reported to provide TM scholarships for special needs groups, as well as grants and scholarships through TM's Maharishi Foundation, a government approved 501 (c) (3) nonprofit educational organization. Costs may "vary from country to country", depending on the cost of living, and have changed periodically over the 50 year period that has been taught.
Maharishi has invited criticism from yogis and "harder Hindus" who accused him of selling "commercial spells". At the same time, "Maharishi's better health promises, stress reliever and spiritual enlightenment" has attracted "worshipers from all over the world", despite the cost. According to The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions, by Brandon Toropov and Father Luke Buckles, the insistence on fees for the TM instruction has led to criticisms for questioning Maharishi's motives; However, "no movement, for all appearances, is exploitative".
TM-Sidhi Program
The TM-Sidhi program is a form of meditation introduced by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1975. It is based on, and is described as a natural extension of the Transcendental Meditation technique. The purpose of TM-Sidhi program is to accelerate personal growth and improve mind-body coordination by training the mind to think of what Maharishi describes as the fourth major consciousness state called Transcendental Awareness.
Yogic Flying, a mental-physical exercise jumping when cross-legged, is a central aspect of the TM-Sidhi program. With the introduction of the TM-Sidhi program in 1976 it was postulated that the square roots of one percent of the population practicing the TM-Sidhi program, together at the same time and in the same place, would increase the "life-support trend". This is called "Extended Maharishi Effect". This effect has been examined in 14 published studies, including a meeting of more than 4,000 people in Washington DC in the summer of 1993. While empirical studies have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals this research is still controversial and has been characterized as pseudoscience by skeptics. James Randi and others.
Teacher
Maharishi began training TM teachers in the early 1960s, and in 1978, there were 7,000 TM teachers in the US. In 1985, there were about 10,000 TM teachers worldwide, and by 2003, there were 20,000 teachers, and reported 40,000 teachers in 2008. Prominent people trained to teach Transcendental Meditation techniques include Prudence Farrow, John Gray, Mitch Kapor, and Mike Love.
The first teacher training course was held in India with 30 participants in 1967 and 200 participants in 1970. Four-month teacher training was also held in the US that year. The first part is four weeks and is offered in Poland, Maine and Humboldt, California with the last three months being held in Estes Park, Colorado. About 300 people completed the training. In 1973, TM's teacher training courses consisted of three months in residence. A TM 2007 web page and 2009 book, report that the modern-day TM teacher training course consists of six months in residence, and includes courses in Maharishi Vedic Science, extended meditation practice and a "keeper" for the "ancient" Vedic Traditions ". In addition, TM teachers are trained to talk about the Transcendental Meditation program, teach it to others, provide a "personal examination" of their students' meditations, lecture on related topics, organize and lead courses and advanced TM courses. Maharishi trains his teachers to "create a logical presentation in a language appropriate to their audience ", and teachers lead their students through a set of predetermined steps.
A 2007 research study reported that details of training and knowledge provided to teachers were kept personally. In 1976, Janis Johnson wrote in The Christian Century that the TM teachers signed the "contract of faithfulness", saying "It is my good fortune, Master Dev, that I have been accepted to serve the Holy Tradition. and spread the Light of God to all who need it. "Writer William Bainbridge writes that part of the training bulletin for the TM teacher called" Explanation of Prayer "draws" connection to Brahma, the God of Creation ". A 1993 article in Ottawa Citizen reports partial translation of the puja as "Whoever remembers a Lotus-eyed God obtains inner and outer purity." For Lord Naryan, for Brahman who was born as the creator, to Waisakha, to Shakti, to Shankaracharya the emancipator, praised Krishna, to my Lord prostration and down again, at whose door the whole godly galaxies pray for perfection day and night.
Research
Scientists have been conducting Transcendental Meditation (TM) research since the late 1960s and hundreds of studies have been published. The Transcendental Meditation technique is a special form of mantra meditation developed by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and has become one of the most studied meditation techniques. Research TM has played a role in the history of mind-body medicine and helped create a new field of neuroscience.
Early studies tested the physiological parameters of meditation techniques. Subsequent research includes clinical applications, cognitive effects, mental health, medical costs, and rehabilitation. Beginning in the 1990s, research focused on cardiovascular disease supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health. Research reviews on the effects of Transcendental Meditation techniques have produced results ranging from inconclusive to clinically significant. Further research is needed to determine the therapeutic effects of meditative practices and varied sources regarding their assessment of the quality of the study. Some mentioned design limitations and lack of methodological rigor, while others claimed that their quality improved and when appropriate assessment criteria were applied, scientific evidence supported the value of meditation therapy. Reviewers Canter and Ernst confirmed that some studies have biased potential because the researchers connect to TM organizations while TM researchers demonstrate their collaboration with independent researchers and universities as a sign of objectivity.
Institutional program
At school and university
Transcendental meditation in education (also known as Awareness-Based Education) is the application of Transcendental Meditation techniques in educational or institutional settings. These programs and educational institutions have been established in the United States, Britain, Australia, India, Africa and Japan. The Transcendental Meditation Technique became popular among students in the 1960s and in the early 1970s, the centers of the International Student Meditation Association were established in a thousand campuses in the US with similar growth taking place in Germany, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Maharishi International University was founded in 1973 in the United States and began to offer an accredited degree program. In 1977 the Transcendental Meditation and Creative Intelligence (SCI) courses were legally banned from New Jersey high school on a religious basis under the First Amendment Clause Clause. This "dismantles" the use of government funds by the TM program in US public schools "but is not a negative evaluation of the program itself". Since 1979, schools incorporating Transcendental Meditation techniques using private and non-governmental funding have been reported in the United States, South America, Southeast Asia, Northern Ireland, South Africa and Israel.
A number of educational institutions have been founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the Transcendental Meditation movement and its supporters. These institutions include several schools offering public and private secondary education in the US (Maharishi School of the Enlightenment), England (Maharishi School), Australia, South Africa (Maharishi Invincible School of Management), and India (Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools). Likewise, Maharishi colleges and universities have been formed including Maharishi European Research University (The Netherlands), Maharishi Institute of Management (India), Maharishi University of Management and Technology (India), Maharishi Institute (South Africa) and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University (India ). According to an article in Newsweek, "critics believe that TM is a repackaged form of Eastern religious philosophy" and oppose its use in public schools while members of the Pacific Equity Institute say practicing Transcendental Meditation in public schools with private funding is constitutional.
Company program
Transcendental Meditation has been used in companies, both in the US and in India, under the auspices of the International Foundation for the Science of Creative Intelligence and Maharishi Development Corporation. In 2001, US companies such as General Motors and IBM subsidized the cost of TM courses for their employees. A number of Indian companies provide TM techniques to their managers. These companies include AirTel, Siemens, American Express, SRF Limited, Wipro, Hero Honda, Ranbaxy, Hewlett Packard, BHEL, BPL Group, ESPN Star Sports, Tisco, Eveready, Maruti, Godrej Group and Marico. The Sunday Times Herald reports that there are "more than 100 Japanese companies where TM was introduced at induction."
Social program
TM techniques have been included in various US social programs for criminals, veterans and war veterans. In 1979, TM's techniques were offered to prisoners in prison Folsom, San Quentin and Deuel Vocational Institute. According to TM representatives, meditation has been included in "more than 25 prisons and penitentiaries" in the US.
In Senegal, "more than 11,000 prisoners and 900 correctional officers" at 34 prisons received instruction in Transcendental Meditation techniques between 1985 and 1987, and guards at 31 jails signed a statement recommending that TM be offered throughout the system. Recently, TM techniques have been introduced to detainees in the Oregon Penitentiary System and a research study is underway to record the effects of the program. Since the late 1980s the TM technique has been offered as part of the Fundacion Hogares Claret sanctuary program for homeless and orphaned children in Medellin, Colombia.
In 1996, some judges of the 22nd St. Louis Judicial Session of St. Louis, Missouri, began "ordering convicted criminals" to attend the Transcendental Meditation course as a condition of parole. The program is administered by a Profitless, Enlightened Punishment Project and receives support from Federal Judge Henry Edward Autrey, and other members of the Missouri, Federal and Supreme Districts.
In 2010, the Doe Fund of New York City began offering TM techniques to its residents, and homeless men were given instruction in TM techniques through an organization called Ready, Willing and Able . In 2010, the Superintendent of Prisons announced that the TM technique is being offered to inmates at the Dominican State Prison. In 2011, this technique was taught to about 65 people at the Children of the Night shelter for teenage prostitutes in Los Angeles. Psychiatric professor Norman E. Rosenthal says that TM is compatible with most "treatment approaches" and can be incorporated "into an overall care program".
Military
The TM technique was first used by the military in 1985, when the US Army conducted a "small pilot study" on Vietnamese veterans. The Transcendental Meditation technique is taught to military personnel with post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) as part of two studies conducted at the University of Colorado and Georgetown University in 2010. In 2012, the Department of Veterans Affairs announced that it was "studying the use of transcendental meditation for help return veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars "and the Department of Defense is funding a $ 2.4 million grant to the Maharishi University of Management Research Institute and the San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center to further investigate the potential effects of TM techniques on PTSD. Another initiative to teach the TM technique to war veterans at risk for PTSD, is being conducted in 2010. This technique has been taught to students at Norwich University, a private military academy, as "part of a long-term study" on meditation and military performance.
Theoretical concepts
Views on consciousness (1963)
In his 1963 book, The Science Of Being and Art Of Living, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi says that, over time, through the practice of the TM technique, the conscious mind gets familiar with a deeper level of thought, bringing the subconscious mind in the capacity of the conscious mind, generates an expanded awareness in daily activities. He also teaches that practitioners of Transcendental Meditation transcend all mental activity and experience the 'source of thought', which is said to be pure silence, 'pure consciousness' or 'Transcendental existence', 'ultimate reality of life'. TM is sometimes described as a technology of consciousness. Pathologist Vimal Patel, said TM has been shown to produce a physiologically distinct state of waking, dreaming and sleeping. According to writer Michael Phelan "The fundamental premise of the psychology of fulfillment is that in everyone there is a seemingly inexhaustible center of energy, intelligence, and satisfaction... As far as our behavior depends on the level of energy and intelligence available to us, the center of pure creative intelligence this can be described as a resource that gives direction to everything we experience, think, and do. "
According to Maharishi, there are seven levels of consciousness: (i) waking up; (ii) dreaming; (iii) sleeping well; (iv) transcendental awareness; (v) cosmic consciousness; (vi) God's consciousness; and, (vii) consciousness of unity. Maharishi says that transcendental awareness can be experienced through Transcendental Meditation, and that those who meditate diligently can become aware of cosmic consciousness. Indication of cosmic consciousness is "never any freshness" that is present even during sleep. Research on long-term TM practitioners who experience what they describe as cosmic consciousness has identified a unique EEG profile, measurements of muscle tone, and REM indicator that shows physiological parameters for this self-described awareness state. However, Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness notes that it is too early to say that the EEG coherence found in TM is indicative of a higher state of consciousness.
TM and changing awareness conditions
Transcendental meditation is associated with changing conditions of the practitioners' awareness. For centuries, mystics and practitioners of meditation have claimed that one can attain a state of higher consciousness through meditation techniques. Transcendental meditation is sometimes associated with the so-called 'fourth state of consciousness', obtained through the practice of meditation, and is therefore called 'higher' and more valuable because repetitive experience may enable a person with increased energy, intelligence, and satisfaction..
Studies involving the relationship between transcendental meditation and changing states of consciousness have existed from the very beginning of the practice itself. Many early studies have reported brain wave patterns that are not visible in other states of consciousness. One, for example, studied four Indian meditators that exhibited prominent alpha-wave activity in their normal rest periods, and a marked increase in the amplitude of their alpha waves during meditation. In addition, Japanese neuropsychiatric experts Kasamatsu and Hirrai reported the appearance of waves other than alpha in zen meditation within fifty seconds after the start of the meditation period.
Bloomfield (1975) attributes a sustainable TM practice to a different 'state of consciousness' different from the state of consciousness, sleep, and dreaming. He claims that the psychophysiological state acquired during TM practice is so unique that it qualifies as the fourth major state of consciousness. He noted that the state has a typical brain wave, the level of oxygen consumption and blood chemistry, indicating that the country is distinctly different from waking, dreaming, and sleeping, as well as changing circumstances such as hypnosis or suggestion.
Science of Creative Intelligence (1971)
In 1961, Maharishi created the "International Meditation Society for the Science of Creative Intelligence". In 1971 Maharishi inaugurated Maharishi's "Year of Creative Intelligence Science" and described SCI as a "modern science with ancient Vedic" connection. Author Philip Goldberg describes it as a Vedanta philosophy that has been translated into scientific language. A series of international symposia on the Science of Creative Intelligence was held between 1970 and 1973 and was attended by scientists and "leading thinkers", including Buckminster Fuller, Melvin Calvin, Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, Hans Selye, Marshal McLuhan and Jonas Salk. The symposium was held at universities such as Humboldt State University and the University of Massachusetts. The following year, Maharishi developed the World Plan to spread his teachings about SCI around the world.
The theoretical part of SCI is taught in a 33-lesson video course. In the early 1970s, SCI courses were offered at more than 25 American universities including Stanford University, Yale, University of Colorado, University of Wisconsin, and Oregon State University. Until 2009, Maharishi University of Management (MUM) requires undergraduate students to take SCI classes, and both MUM and Maharishi European Research University (MERU) in Switzerland have awarded degrees in this field. The Independent reports that children in Maharishi School learn SCI principles such as "nature is growing" and "order is present everywhere". SCI is reported to be part of the TM secondary curriculum in Iowa, Wheaton, Maryland and Skelmersdale, England. In 1975 SCI was used as a summons for TM's television station in San Bernardino, California.
Science Creative Intelligence is not a science. The Theologian Robert M. Price, writing in the Creation/Journal of Evolution (journal of the National Center for Educational Science), compares the Science of Creative Intelligence with Creationism. Price says the instruction in the Transcendental Meditation technique is "never offered without indoctrination into the metaphysics of 'creative intelligence'". Skeptic James Randi says SCI "has no scientific characteristics." Astrophysicist and skeptic Carl Sagan writes that the "Hindu doctrine" of TM is pseudoscience. Irving Hexham, a professor of religious studies, describes TM's teaching as "a pseudoscientific language that masks its religious nature with science mythology". Sociologists Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge describe SCI video tapes because they are largely based on the Bhagavad Gita, and say they are "equipped with metaphysical metaphysics and postulates, than anything that can be recognized as conventional science". In 1979, the court case of Malnak v Yogi stipulated that although SCI/TM was not a theistic religion, it dealt with issues of primary concern, truth, and other ideas similar to those of a recognized religion. Maharishi biographer Paul Mason states that the scientific terminology used in the SCI was developed by Maharishi as part of his philosophical restructuring in terms of gaining greater acceptance and increasing the number of people initiating the TM technique. He said that this change toward a more academic language was welcomed by many American Maharishi students.
Maharishi Effect (1974)
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi claims that quality of life will increase if one percent of the population practice Transcendental Meditation techniques. This is known as the "Maharishi effect" and according to Maharishi, it was felt in 1974 after the analysis of crime statistics in 16 cities. Author Ted Karam claims that there are many studies on Maharishi's effects including a meeting of more than 4,000 people in Washington, DC in the summer of 1993. With the introduction of the TM-Sidhi program including Yogic Flying, Maharishi proposed that the Root Square of 1 percent of the population practicing the program this continued together at the same time and in the same place will create benefits in society. This is called "Extended Maharishi Effect". The TM organization has linked the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reduction of global terrorism, the inflation rate and US crime with the Maharishi effect.
The Maharishi effect has been supported by former Mozambique President Joaquim Chissano,
The effect has been examined in 42 scientific studies. Critics, such as James Randi call this research as pseudosain. Randi said that he investigated comments made by former Maharishi International lecturer Robert Rabinoff in 1978. He spoke to the Fairfield Police Chief who said the local crime rate was the same and the regional Department of Agriculture reportedly considers that agricultural produce for Jefferson County fits the average States.
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Characterization
The characterization of TM techniques varies among scholars, pastors, practitioners and government. According to Maharishi his technique does not require preparation, is easy to do, and can be learned by anyone. This technique is described as easy and without contemplation or concentration. Author Peter Russell says trying to control the mind like trying to go to bed at night, it will not work. He says otherwise, TM techniques make use of the tendency of the mind to move toward greater satisfaction. According to TM supporters, the technique is "purely mechanical, physiological," "two-minute ceremonies" not calling gods, mantras are "meaningless voices" and "pre-dated Hinduism by 5,000 years". Anthony Campbell, author of Seven States of Consciousness, writes that TM does not require "special circumstances or preparation" and is not "independent of faith". A 2011 article in Details features TM techniques as "Hindu meditation practice [" stripped "] of religious baggage is" offered "as a systematic technique, reduces stress, builds creativity". Martin Gardner, a mathematician, has called the TM a "Hindu cult". According to author R.S. Bajpai, Maharishi "alienated TM [ sic ] by cleansing it of all religious rituals and spiritual rituals and mysticism".
Religious leaders
Some religious leaders and pastors find TM to be compatible with their religious teachings and beliefs, while others do not. Wayne Teasdale, a Catholic monk who TM "is what is called an open or receptive method" which can be described as giving up control and staying open in the inner sense. In 1968, Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey, "came to support the Maharishi theory". William Jefferson wrote in 1976 that a Revivalist Jew had called TM "an unintentional form of worship" while Trappist monks in Spencer, Massachusetts, had found it useful. In 1984, Cardinal Jaime Sin, the Archbishop of Manila, wrote a pastoral statement after Ferdinand Marcos, then president of the Philippines, invited more than 1,000 members of the TM movement to Manila, saying that neither doctrine nor practice was acceptable. for Christians. In 2003, the Roman Curia published a warning against the mixing of eastern meditation, such as TM, with Christian prayer, though a 2013 statement indicates that Eastern meditation can be useful. Pastors who practice TM techniques and feel compatible with their religious beliefs include: Catholic priest Len Dubi; Orthodox rabbi Abe Shainberg; Irish Jesuit William Johnston; Donald Craig Drummon, a Presbyterian minister; Raphael Levine, the emeritus rabbi of the Temple of De Hirsh Sinai; Placide Gaboury, a Jesuit priest who teaches at Sudbury University; Kevin Joyce, a Catholic priest; and Keith Wollard, a minister of the Church of the United Nations.
Laypersons
Lay celebrities who have practiced techniques include David Lynch, who was raised a Presbyterian, and Clint Eastwood who said he found "no religious aspect", comedian Andy Kaufman, political commentator and Roman Catholic Andrew Sullivan, Jerry Seinfeld, who has been practicing this technique for 40 years old, and Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Tim Page. Asked if TM could replace religion, musician George Harrison replied that "This is not a substitute for religion, it is religion." According to John Lennon, "You can make it by meditation if you are a Christian, a Mohammed or a Jew.You just add meditation to whatever religion you have."
Scholar
This technique has been described by many sociologists and scholars as religious and non-religious. His followers say it is a "non-religious" scientific strategy, yet it appears to have "spiritual elements" such as the puja ceremony performed during the instruction of TM. The scholar of religious studies Eugene V. Gallagher writes that, "practitioners describe TM as a science rather than a religious discipline," but "its principles are clearly derived from Hindu practice".
In Cults and new religious movements, authors Roy Wallis characterized TM as "a world that reinforces the new religion" which "lacks most of the features traditionally associated with religion". Liebler and Moss wrote that "unlike some forms of meditation, TM techniques do not require adherence to any belief system". Scholarship study scholar Michael Phelan, James R. Lewis, and Tamar Gablinger say that TM participants "can meditate for relaxation, but instead have no contact with TM", and that TM "attracts a large number of people with low commitment levels around many small groups highly committed followers. "In addition, Phelan writes that TM" is opposed by many religious groups who believe that it is a religious practice, "and that" TM's goals and methods are in line with the criteria of the revitalization movement [as defined by Anthony FC Wallace. The purpose of which is to create a better culture. "Charles H. Lippy wrote that his previous spiritual interest in the technique faded in the 1970s, and" it became a practical technique... that anyone can use without abandoning the identification of their religion. "
On the other hand, Bainbridge finds the TM as a "very simplified form of Hinduism, adapted for Westerners who have no cultural background to receive a full perception, emblem, and Hindu practice", and explains TM ceremonial puja as ".. , in essence, religious initiation ceremonies ". Metropolitan Maximos of Pittsburgh from the Greek Orthodox Church described TM as "a new version of Hindu Yoga" based on "pagan pagan worship and the rendering of an ordinary human, Guru Dev".
In Cults and new religions, Cowan and Bromley wrote that TM is presented to the public as a meditation practice that has been validated by science, but not religious practice is also not affiliated with religion. tradition. They say that "although there are some followers of TM who devote most or all of their time to continue the practice of Transcendental Meditation in late modern society, most of those who practice do it themselves, often as part of what they do." has been loosely portrayed as the New Age Movement. "They say that most experts view the TM as an element of therapy and religion, but it" has no scriptures upheld, no teaching requirements, no ongoing worship activities, and no believable community of believers. " also says that the Maharishi does not claim to have special divine revelations or supernatural personal qualities.
George D. Chryssides and Margaret Z. Wilkins wrote in A reader in a new religious movement that TM and other new religious movements have been criticized for "secretly smuggling in the form of Eastern religion with some apparently dangerous, self-improvement techniques or health promotion ". Chryssides goes on to say in Exploring new religions that although one can identify Hindu backgrounds, Hindu genealogy, mantras and initiation ceremonies, TM is unlike religion in its "key elements": "none public worship, no codes of ethics, no scriptures to be studied, and no observed transit rites, such as dietary law, giving to the poor, or pilgrimage. "Psychiatric professor Norman E. Rosenthal, author of Transcendence: Healing and Transformation Through Transcendental Meditation , writes that "Maharishi extracted the TM technique from its religious context and filtered it into its essence, which he believed could be of value to people of all faiths."
Government
In 1968, a yogi held a one-hour meeting with United Nations Secretary-General U Thant. In the 1970s, courses in TM engineering were conducted in 47 military installations worldwide (including eight in the US), with 150 enrolled in courses at the West Point military academy. TM Techniques are also taught in five US federal prisons, and three in Germany and Canada. During this period, ten US senators and more than 100 congressional staff members learned the technique. In 1972, Maharishi met with the Illinois Governor (Daniel Walker) and received a standing ovation when he spoke to the state legislature before they passed a resolution that characterized the Maharishi Intellectual Science as useful for public schools in Illinois. In 1974, TM was quoted in two congressional notes on the SCI course offered at 30 American universities and techniques that are being "used" in some American prisons, mental institutions and drug rehab centers.
In 1975, the yogi met with Pierre Trudeau to discuss "the possibility of an ideal society arrangement" through TM. In 1977 a US district court in New Jersey declared that the curriculum consisting of the Science of Creative Intelligence and the TM was religious ( Malnak v Yogi ). The decision was put forward and in 1979 the opinion of Circuit 3 affirmed the decision and stated that although SCI/TM is not a theistic religion, it deals with issues of primary concern, truth, and other ideas analogous to well-recognized religions and it therefore violates the Establishment Clause. Beginning in 1979, the German government issued a number of booklets on problems arising for the seven new religious movements in Germany, with the German term for these organizations which are variously translated as "psychopathic groups" and "psychotherapeutic groups". These organizations, including TM, filed lawsuits trying to block reports. The court ruled that the booklet should only include factual information and exclude speculation, rumors, and unclear stuff, and the booklet was re-released mainly containing excerpts from the organization's own material. In 1996, a commission appointed by the German government concluded that a new religious movement and a "psychotherapy group" did not pose a danger to the state or society. In 1987, the Israeli government report defines TM as "a sect group... targeted by anti-cult activists". The 1995 report of the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France includes Transcendental Meditation on its worship list. The US government has characterized the Transcendental Meditation technique as a worthy study and has provided more than $ 25 million in funding from various branches of the National Institutes of Health for scientific analysis of the effects of TM on high blood pressure. The US Veterans Affairs Department sees it as a potential tool for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans, and starts research on techniques (and two other meditation systems) by 2012. According to Patrick Gresham Williams, "the government will pay "to any US veteran to study TM if it is prescribed by a Veterans Administration medical doctor.
References
External links
- Official website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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