Urdu Literature (Urdu: ?????? ???? ? ?, "Adbiy? ti Urd?" ) has an inseparable history for the development of Urdu, a list of Hindustan languages ​​written in the Perso-Arabic script. Although it tends to be dominated by poetry, especially the poetic forms of ghazal and nazm, it has expanded to other writing styles, including short stories, or afsana . Urdu literature is mostly popular in Pakistan, where Urdu is the national language. This is also the official language recognized in India. It is also widely understood in Afghanistan.
Video Urdu literature
Origin
Urdu Developed in Malegaon. The Urdu literature dates back sometime around the 14th century in northern India today among the sophisticated nobles of the courts. The continuing Islamic tradition and the patronisations of foreign cultures centuries earlier by Muslim rulers, usually of Turkish or Afghan descent, signaled their influence on Urdu given that both cultural heritages were highly present throughout the Urdu region. Urdu, with a similar vocabulary between the Sanskrit word derived from Sanskrit and Arabo-Persian, is a reflection of this cultural incorporation.
Top Contributors
Amir Khusro greatly influenced the early growth of not only Urdu literature, but the language itself (which only really formed that is distinguished from Persian and proto-Hindi language around the 14th century). He is credited with the systematization of classical music of northern India, including Hindustan music, and he wrote both of them in Persian and Hindavi. While the verse derived from it is a representative of Hindi-Prakrit which later disappeared from the Arabo-Persian vocabulary, its influence on the vizier of the palace and the writer must have been transcendental, for a century after his death Quli Qutub Shah spoke in a language that might be regarded as Urdu. Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was a scholar in Persia and Arabia. He also wrote poems in Telugu, Persian and Urdu. His poems have been compiled into a Council or volume entitled "Kulliyat-e-Quli Qutub Shah." Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah has the distinction of being Saheb-e-board's first Urdu poet and is credited with introducing new sensibilities into the prevailing genre of Persian/Urdu poetry. It is said that Urdu acquired the status of literary language because of its contribution. He died in 1611.
Shamsullah Sayyid Qadri is considered the first of Deccaniyat Researchers. Some works by Allamah Hakeem Sayyid Qadri Shamsullah Salateen e Muabber 1929, Urdu-i-qadim 1930, Tareekh E Maleebaar, Mowarrikheen E Hind, Tahfat al Mujahidin 1931, Imadiya, Nizam Ut Tawareekh, Tareekh Zuban Urdu-E-Urdu Qadim, Al Musamma Tareekh Zuban Urdu Ba-E-Qadim, Tareekh Zuban Yaani Urdu Urdu-e-Qadim, Vol III date, Asaarul Karaam, Shijrah Asifiya, Ahleyaar, Pracina malabar
Dastaangoi (epos)
Urdu literature generally consists more of poetry than prose. The components of Urdu literary prose are mainly limited to the ancient form of epic tales called Dastan ( ?????? ?). These long stories have intricate plots associated with creatures and magical events and are otherwise fantastic.
The genre originated in the Middle East and was disseminated by people's storytellers. It is assimilated by individual authors. The Dastan plot is based both on folklore and classical literary subjects. Dastan is very popular in Urdu literature, typologically close to other narrative genres in Eastern literature, such as Persian masnawi, qish punjabi, bait waqayati sindhi, etc., and also reminiscent of a European novel. The oldest known Urdu dastan is Dastan-i-Amir Hamza , recorded at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the longer still there is Bustan-iKhayal ( The Garden of Imagination or The Garden of Khayal ) by Mir Taqi Khayal (Died 1760). Most of the narrative dastans were recorded in the early nineteenth century, representing the inclusion of 'wandering' motives borrowed from Middle Eastern, Central Asian and northern Indian folklore. These include Bagh-oBahar ( Gardens and Spring ) by Mir Amman, Mazhab-i-Ishq ( Religion of Love ) by Nihalchand Lahori, Araish-i-Mahfil ( The Assembly of the Assembly ) by Hyderbakhsh Hyderi, and Gulzar-i-Chin (< i> Chin Flower Bed ) by Khalil Ali Khan Ashq. Other notable Dillan Urdu include Nau tarz-i murassa ' by Husain' At? Kh? N Tahs? N, Nau? '? Ni hind? ( Qissa-i Malik Mahm? D G? Ti-Afroz ) by Mihr Chand Khatr ?, Jazb-i 'ishq by Sh? H Husain Haq? Qat, Nau tarz-i murassa ' by Muhammad H? D? (a.k.a. Mirz? Mughal Gh? fil), and Talism Hoshruba by Muhammad Husain Azad.
Maps Urdu literature
Tazkiras
Tazkiras, is a compilation of literary memosas that include verses and maxims of great poets along with biographical information and comments on their style. They are often a collection of names with lines or two information about each poet, followed by specifics about the composition. Some of these Tazkiras give biographical details, and little idea of ​​transmitted poetic forces or forces. Even large anthologies do not systematically review the work of the author. Most of them have names in alphabetical order, but one or two are ordered by historical chronology. The majority just quotes the lyrics, and quotes are usually chosen at random.
Poems
Urdu poetry reached its peak in the 19th century. The most developed form of poetry is the ghazal, known for its quality and quantity in the Urdu tradition.
Sonnets
Urdu poets are influenced by English and other European poetry began to write sonnets in Urdu in the early 20th century. Azmatullah Khan (1887-1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu poetry. Other famous Urdu poets who wrote the sonnets were Akhtar Junagarhi, Akhtar Sheerani, Noon Meem Rashid, Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi, Salaam Machhalishahari and Wazir Agha.
Novel
Initially, the Urdu novel focuses on urban social life, which ultimately extends its scope to include social life in the countryside. They also covered the changing times under the progressive writing movement inspired by Sajjad Zaheer. However, Pakistan's independence in 1947 greatly influenced the novel, raising the question of identity and migration as can be seen in the main works of Abdullah Hussain and Quratulain Haider. Towards the end of the last century, this novel takes a serious step toward the life and contemporary reality of young Indian generation. The most important novel of the current generation of Indian novelists in Urdu, which shows new belief in contemporary life, is by Makigham Afaqui, Do Gaz Zameen by Abdus Samad and < i> Pani by Ghazanfer. These works, notably Makaan, brought the Urdu novel out of the prevailing themes of Pakistan's independence in 1947 and issues of identity and brought it into the realm of modern-day reality and issues of life in India. Makaan affects many British writers such as Vikram Seth, who turned to novel writing. This Urdu novel further influences important works such as Andhere Pag by Sarwat Khan, Numberdar Ka Neela by SM Ashraf and Fire Area by Ilyas Ahmed Gaddi. The second major novel of Paigham Afaqui, Paleeta , was published in 2011 and illustrates the tension of the political beating of a common Indian citizen within six decades after Indian independence. Confused by the disappointing democratic conditions and the transformation of Indian society into a mental desert, the main character dies after leaving his burning writings. Famous novels
In the first decade of the twentieth century, Rahman Abbas has emerged as the most influential Urdu fiction writer. 'The Hindu', writes about Rahman Abbas's masterpiece With his amazing ability to subvert what believers, Rehman Abbas enhances the art of telling stories to a whole new level.
Short story (afsanah nigari)
Urdu literature has incorporated the form of short stories for a little over a hundred years. During this period it has passed through several major phases including the early romantic period, progressive writing, modernist writing, and the current phase. Although a number of male and female writers wrote short stories during the first phase of G (including bMJHoth romantic and social criticism), short stories crystallized as a regular part of Urdu literature in the growth of Munshi Premchand's writings. His famous stories include "Shroud" and "Poos Ki Raat". Urdu short stories gained momentum with the phenomenal publication of Angare, a collection of writers near the end of Premchand's life. Writers such as Ghulam Abbas, Manto, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Krishan Chander, and Ismat Chughtai, to name a few, turned the short story into the main genre of Urdu literature.
The next generation of Urdu short story writers include Qurratulain Hyder, Qazi Abdul Sattar and Joginder Paul. The tradition of short stories continues with young writers like Zahida Hina, Paigham Afaqui, Syed Mohd Ashraf, Salam Bin Razzaq, Naeem Baig, and Moinuddin Jinabade.
Urdu short stories have covered the various dimensions of life, but the most famous stories concerning Pakistan's trauma of independence in 1947 and the violence resulting from it. Toward the end of the last century, short stories form the basis of the complexities of everyday life that can be seen in a collection of unique short stories in Paiguam Afaqui's Mafia . A very different approach is seen in the collection of short stories T'abir by Moinuddin Jinabade and
Drama
Urdu drama evolved from the dramatic tradition of North Indian raas as practiced by exponents such as Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh. His dramatic experiments led to the famous Inder Sabha of the Amanat and later this tradition took the form of the Parsi Theater. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is the culmination of this tradition.
The tradition of Urdu theater greatly influences modern Indian theater. Among all languages, Urdu (called Hindi by the original author), along with Gujrati, Marathi, and Bengali theater remains popular. Many Urdu dramas have also been made into films.
Classical playwrights include Prof. Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J. N. Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi and Jameel Shaidayi. Danish Iqbal, Sayeed Alam, Shahid Anwar, Iqbal Niyazi and Anwar are some post-modern dramatists who actively contribute to the Urdu drama.
Sayeed Alam is known for his wit and humor in dramas such as Ghalib in New Delhi , Maulana Azad and Big B .
Danish Iqbal's Dara Shikoh , directed by M S Sathyu, is considered a modern classic for the use of newer theater techniques and contemporary perspectives. Other dramas are Sahir , on famous lyricists and revolutionary poets; Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam , a Feast of Faiz poetry, presenting the events of the early part of his life, especially the events and incidents of the pre-independence days that shaped his life and ideals; and Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan, another drama inspired by Faiz letters written from various prisons during the day of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy. He has written 14 other dramas including Dilli Jo Ek Shehr Thaa and Main Styles Waqt Nahin hoon .
Shahid's Three B also played significantly. He has been associated with many groups including 'Natwa'. Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of the Urdu Theater in Kolkata. Unlike the writers of the previous generations, Sayeed, Shahid, Iqbal, and Zaheer did not write nerdy dramas but their work is a product of a vibrant performing tradition. Iqbal Niyazi from Mumbai has written several plays in Urdu. The game Aur Kitne Jalyanwala Baugh ?? won several awards. So this is the only generation after Amanat and Agha Hashr who actually wrote for the stage and not for the library.
Movement literature
Progressive Movement Movement
According to The Dawn, the Progressive Writing Movement in Urdu literature is the strongest movement after Sir Syed's education movement.
modernism
The modernist movement began in the Urdu literature around the 1960s. This movement puts more pressure on symbolic and other indirect expressions as opposed to direct and obvious expression. The most famous names in the movement include Shamsur Rehman Farooqui and Gopichand Narang and poets Noon Meem Rashid and Meeraji. In addition to them, a number of other poets such as Zafer Iqbal, Nasir Kazmi, Bashir Bader and Shahryar are associated with this movement.
Halqa e Arbab e Zauq
Halqa e Arbab e Zauq is a literary movement that began in Lahore, British Raj, India in 1936. Early members included poets Noon Meem Rashid, Zia Jallandhari, Muhtar Siddiqui, Hafeez Hoshiarpuri and Meeraji, brought to a meeting by his friend, Qayyum Nazar, member active group. Halqa is the second modern literary movement in Urdu poetry of the 20th century, founded only a few years after the Left Progressive Movement of Writers, and is considered the most influential group of modern poetry in Urdu.
Post-modernism
Post-modernism was introduced into Urdu literature by Gopi Chand Narang. Many other critics in Urdu literature are also attached to this approach to criticism. Post-modernism does not claim to be a movement and does not require the author to adopt a particular style of writing. It generally concentrates on the method of understanding contemporary literature in the light of its contents - most examining features such as feminism, dalit, regional and other literary types as opposed to seeking uniformity in global literature based on internationally established trends.
Independent authors
In the late 1980s, the atmosphere in Urdu literature became very sad. The progressive movement is almost dead and the modernist movement is beginning to run out of ideas. But this is also the time for the emergence of new creative forces rooted in a new life that metamorphoses the socio-economic and political climate of the sub-continent. It was under this climate that a new era of fiction began with the publication of Paigham Afaqui's novel Makaan . Afaqui and other authors refuse to be identified by any movement and show full independence in using personally developed styles and techniques to write novels and explore their own philosophy and vision of life. It is a serious departure from the theme of independence that dominates authors such as Qurratulain Hyder and Abdullah Hussain and the themes of existentialism that serve as the benchmark of modernism. Authors such as Ghazanfer and Musharraf Alam Zauqi increasingly expanded the horizons of new themes and attention.
Theater of Absurd
The Theater of the Absurd is a new genre and somewhat rare in Urdu literary history. The first drama of this genre was written and published by Pakistani writer-writer, poet, lawyer and columnist Mujtaba Haider Zaidi in December 2008 under the title Mazaron Ke Phool (ie Graveyard Flowers i >).
See also
- Urdu poem
- List of Urdu poets
- List of Urdu authors
- Progressive Writer Movement
- Hindustani orthography
References
Further reading
- Muhammad Husayn Azad: Ab-e hayat (Lahore: Kets Naval Kishor Gais) 1907 [in Urdu]; (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001 [In English translation]
- Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: Culture and History of Early Urdu Literature (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001
- M.A.R. Habib: An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry in English translation with Urdu text. The Association of Modern Languages ​​(2003). ISBNÃ, 0-87352-797-6
- Alamgir Hashmi, The Worlds of Muslim Imagination (1986) ISBN 0-100-500407-1.
- Muhammad Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature (1984).
- Alamgir Hashmi, ed. Rafey Habib, Faruq Hassan, and David Matthews, tr., Your Essence, Martyr: Elegies Pakistan Plainview (2011). ISBN 9789699670008
- The Annual of Urdu Studies , 1981 -.
- "Urdu Afsana: Soorat o Ma'na" (Urdu) by M. Hameed Shahid Pakistan Islamabad National Book Foundation 2006-1.a leading poet of akhlaque moderate age band.
- Noorul Hasnain- 'Naya Afsana-Naye Naam.ISBNÃ, 978-93-81029-29-9. Published by Arshia Delhi 110095 publication. 2012 Edition (Article in EK Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani pages 316 to 321)
- EK Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani-by Rahman Abbas, Published by Educational Publishing House, Delhi-6 ISBNÃ, 978-81-8223-491-8
External links
- Columbia University: Urdu Language Source
- Ma? zan al-asr? r. Ni ?? m? raqm-i Mu? ammad. Dessinateur 1538 AD
- Best Urdu Quotes
- Hindustani Language and Literature
- Urdu and Literature Novels
- Urdu Online Library
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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