An autobiography (from the Greek, ????? - autos self ???? - bios life ????? ?? - graphein to write) is a self-written account about a person's life. The word "autobiography" was first used by William Taylor in 1797 in the periodic English The Monthly Review , when he suggested the word as a hybrid, but cursed it as "long-winded". However, the use of the next recording is in the current sense, by Robert Southey in 1809. Although it was only mentioned in the early nineteenth century, the first autobiographical writings were from ancient times. Roy Pascal distinguished the autobiography of the journal-reflective mode or daily writing periodically by noting that "[autobiography] is a review of the life of a particular moment in time, while the diary, however reflective, moves through a series of moments in time." Autobiography thus takes stock of autobiographical authors' life from the time of composition. While biographies generally rely on various documents and points of view, autobiography can be based entirely on the author's memory. The shape of the memoir is closely related to autobiography but tends, as Pascal claims, to less self-focus and more on others during an autobiographers review of his life.
See also: List of autobiography and Category: Autobiography as an example.
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Biography
Life
Autobiographical work is essentially subjective. The inability - or reluctance - of the authors to remember memories accurately in certain cases results in misleading or misleading information. Several sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the authors the ability to recreate history.
Spiritual autobiography
Spiritual autobiography is the story of a writer's struggle or journey toward God, followed by conversion of religious conversion, often disturbed by regression moments. The author rearranges his life as a demonstration of divine intention through an encounter with the Divine. The earliest example of spiritual autobiography is Augustine's Confessions although tradition has been expanded to include other religious traditions in works such as Zahid Rohari An Autobiography and Black Elk Speaks i>. Spiritual autobiography serves as an endorsement of his religion.
Memoir
A memoir has a slightly different character from an autobiography. While autobiography typically focuses on the author's "life and time", a memoir has a narrower, more intimate focus on its own memories, feelings, and emotions. Memoirs are often written by politicians or military leaders as a way to record and publish accounts about their public exploitation. One of the earliest examples is that of Julius Caesar Commentarii de Bello Gallico , also known as Commentary on the Gallic War . In the work, the Emperor describes the battle that took place during the nine years that he spent against the local army in the Gallic War. The second memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili (or Commentary on Civil War ) is a report of events occurring between 49 and 48 BC in the civil war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate.
Leonor LÃÆ'³pez de CÃÆ'³rdoba (1362-1420) wrote what should have been the first autobiography in Spanish. The British Civil War (1642-1651) provoked a number of examples of this genre, including the works of Sir Edmund Ludlow and Sir John Reresby. French examples from the same period include Cardinal de Retz memoirs (1614-1679) and Duc de Saint-Simon.
Fictional autobiography
The term "fictitious autobiography" signifies a novel about a fictitious character written as if the character were writing their own autobiography, meaning that the character is the first person narrator and that the novel addresses both the internal and external experience of that character. Daniel Defoe Moll Flanders is an early example. Charles Dickens David Copperfield is another classic, and J.D. Salinger The Catcher in the Rye is a famous modern example of fictional autobiography. Charlotte Brontà «Â« Jane Eyre is another example of fictional autobiography, as recorded on the front page of the original version. This term may also apply to works of fiction claiming to be an autobiographical real character, for example, Robert Nye Memoir of Lord Byron .
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Autobiography for centuries
Classic period: Apologia, oration, acknowledgment
In ancient times, such works were usually titled apologia, claiming to be self-justification of self-documentation. The Christian confession of work, John Henry Newman (first published in 1864) entitled Apologia Pro Vita Sua which refers to this tradition.
The Jewish historian Flavius ​​Josephus introduced his autobiography Josephus Vita with self-congratulation, followed by the justification of his actions as commander of Galilean Jewish rebel.
Libanius's paganist record (c 314-394) frames his life memoir ( Oration I beginning in 374) as one of his oration, not of the public type, but of the kind of literature that can not be harsh in privacy.
Augustine (354-430) applied the title Confessions to his autobiographical work, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau used the same title in the 18th century, started a chain of confessions and was sometimes very passionate and very critical of himself alone, the autobiography of the Romantic era and beyond. Augustine was the first Western autobiography ever written, and became an influential model for Christian writers throughout the Middle Ages. It tells about a hedonistic lifestyle. Augustine lived for a while in his youth, hanging out with young men boasting about their sexual exploits; following and leaving anti-sex and anti-marital Manichaeism in an attempt to seek sexual morality; and his return to Christianity due to his involvement in Skepticism and the New Academy movement (developing the view that sex is good, and virginity is better, comparing the first with the silver and the last to gold, Augustine's view is greatly influenced by Western theology). Confessions will always be among western literary masterpieces.
In the spirit of Augustine's Confessions is the 12th-century Calamitatum Historia from Peter Abelard, extraordinary as an autobiographical document of that period.
Initial autobiography
The first autobiographical work in Islamic societies was written at the end of the 11th century, by Abdallah ibn Buluggin, the last Zirid king of Granada.
In the 15th century, Leonor LÃÆ'³pez de CÃÆ'³rdoba, a Spanish noblewoman, wrote it Memorias , which was probably the first autobiography in Castillian.
Z? Hir ud-D? N Mohammad B? Bur, who founded the Mughal dynasty in South Asia kept the journal B? Burn? (Chagatai/Persian: ???? ???? ?, Literally: "Book of Babur" i> or "Letters of Babur" ) written between 1493 and 1529.
One of the first great autobiography of the Renaissance was the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1571), written between 1556 and 1558, and entitled by him only Vita (Italian: Life ). He states at the beginning: "No matter what kind, everyone who has to credit what accomplishment really looks great, if he cares for truth and goodness, should write his own life story in his own hands, but no one has to do anything which is remarkable before he is forty over. "The criteria for this autobiography have generally lasted for some time, and the most serious autobiographies of the next three hundred years correspond to them.
Another autobiography of this period was De vita propria , by Italian mathematician, physician and astrologer Gerolamo Cardano (1574).
It is often claimed that the earliest known autobiography in English was the beginning of the fifteenth century The Book of Margery Kempe , which illustrates, among other things, the Kempe pilgrimage to the Holy Land and a visit to Rome although, at best, only partially autobiographical and arguably more of a history of religious experience. This book remained in manuscripts and was not published until 1936.
Perhaps the first publicly available public autobiography written in English is the autobiography of Captan John Smith published in 1630 regarded by many as nothing more than a collection of tall tales narrated by someone who has a doubtful truth. This changed with the publication of Philip Barbour's definitive biography in 1964 which, among other things, established an independent factual base for many of Smith's "tales", many of which Smith could not have known at the time of writing unless he was actually present at the events told.
Another famous British autobiography of the seventeenth century included the property of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1643, published 1764) and John Bunyan ( Grace Abundantly to the Heads of Sinners , 1666).
18th and 19th centuries
Following the trend of Romanticism, which greatly emphasized the role and nature of the individual, and in the footsteps of Jean-Jacques Rousseau Confessions , a more intimate autobiographical form, exploring the subject's emotions, came into vogue. Stendhal's autobiographical writings of the 1830s, Henry Brulard's Life and Memoirs of an Egotist, were both fully influenced by Rousseau. An example of English is William Hazlitt's Liber Amoris (1823), a painful examination of the author's love life.
With the advent of education, cheap newspapers and cheap printing, the concept of fame and modern celebrities began to flourish, and these beneficiaries were not slow to monetize this by producing autobiographies. This is a hope - not an exception - that people in the public eye should write about themselves - not just authors like Charles Dickens (who also incorporates elements of autobiography in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, but also politicians (eg Henry Brooks Adams), philosophers (eg John Stuart Mill), church people such as Cardinal Newman, and entertainers like PT Barnum. Increasingly, in accordance with romantic tastes, these accounts also begin to deal, among other topics, with childhood and educational aspects - far from the "Selinian" autobiography principle.
the 20th and 21st centuries
From the 17th century onwards, "scandalous memoirs" by people who were considered free, serving the public taste for titillation, have been frequently published. Typically pseudonyms, they (and) are mostly works of fiction written by ghostwriters. The so-called "autobiographies" of modern professional athletes and media celebrities - and to a lesser extent about politicians, generally written by authors for others, are regularly published. Some celebrities, such as Naomi Campbell, claimed not to read their "autobiography". Some sensational autobiographies such as James Frey A Million Little Pieces have been publicly publicized for adorning or falsifying important details of the author's life.
Autobiography has become an increasingly popular and widely accessible form. A Fortunate Life by Albert Facey (1979) has become a classic Australian literature. With the critical and commercial success in the United States from memoirs such as Angela's Ashes and The Color of Water, more and more people have been encouraged to try their hands in this genre..
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