A digital single lens reflector camera (also called digital SLR or DSLR ) is a digital camera that combines the optics and mechanisms of a one-lens reflex camera with digital imaging sensors, as opposed to photographic film. The reflex design scheme is the main difference between DSLR and other digital cameras. In reflex design, light moves through the lens, then into a mirror that alternately sends the image to the viewfinder or image sensor. The traditional alternative will have a viewfinder with its own lens, hence the term "single lens" for this design. Using only one lens, the DSLR viewfinder presents an image that will not differ much from what the camera sensor captures. A DSLR is different from a single-lens non-reflex digital camera where the viewfinder presents an optical view directly through the lens, rather than captured by the camera's image sensor and displayed by the digital display.
DSLR substituted film-based SLR during the 2000s, and despite the increasing popularity of mirrorless camera systems in early 2010, DSLR remains the most commonly used type of camera lens in 2018.
Video Digital single-lens reflex camera
DSLR camera design
As SLRs DSLR usually use interchangeable lenses (1) with the installation of a proprietary lens. A mechanical mirror system moves off (angle 45 degrees) to direct light from the lens through the matte focus screen (5) through the condenser lens (6) and pentaprism/pentamirror (7) to the optical viewfinder (8) . Most entry-level DSLRs use pentamirror instead of the traditional pentaprism.
Focusing can be done manually, with a focus twist on the lens; or automatic, activated by half-pressing on the shutter release or special AF button. To take a picture, the mirror swings upwards in the direction of the arrow, the focusing field shine (3) opens, and the image is projected and captured on the image sensor (4) , after what action, the shutter closes, the mirror returns to a 45-degree angle, and the attached drive mechanism muffles the tension for subsequent exposure.
Compared to the newer concept of mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras, this mirror/prism system is a characteristic difference that provides direct and accurate optical preview with an auto focus sensor and a separate exposure measurement sensor. An important part of all digital cameras are some electronic devices such as amplifiers, analog to digital converters, image processors and other processors (micro) to process digital images, store data and/or drive electronic screens.
Autofocus detection phase
DSLR usually uses autofocus based on phase detection. This method allows optimal lens positioning to be calculated, rather than "discovered", as is the case with auto focus based on contrast maximization. Autofocus detection phase is usually faster than other passive techniques. Because the phase sensor requires the same light for the image sensor, previously only possible with the SLR design. However, with the introduction of focusing phase detecting autofocus in interchangeable mirror lens camera by Sony, Fuji, Olympus and Panasonic, cameras can now use phase detection and contrast detecting AF points.
Maps Digital single-lens reflex camera
Features commonly seen in DSLR design
Fashion player
Digital SLR cameras, along with most other digital cameras, generally have a dial mode to access standard camera settings or automatic scene-mode settings. Sometimes called "PASM" dial, they usually provide modes like program, aperture-priority, shutter-priority, and full manual mode. Shooting modes vary from camera to camera, and this mode is inherently less customizable. They often include landscapes, portraits, action, macro, night, and silhouette, among others. However, the different shooting settings and styles provided by this "scenic" mode can be achieved by calibrating certain settings on the camera. Professional DSLRs rarely contain auto-shooting modes because professionals often do not need this and professionals know how to achieve the looks they want.
Dust reduction system
A method to prevent dust entering the room, using a "dust cover" filter just behind the lens mount, was used by Sigma in its first DSLR, Sigma SD9, in 2002.
Olympus used a built-in sensor sensor mechanism in its first air-sensitive DSLR, Olympus E-1, in 2003 (all previous models each have an irreversible lens, preventing direct exposure of the sensor to the outdoor environment).
Some Canon DSLR cameras rely on dust reduction systems based on vibration sensors at ultrasonic frequencies to remove dust from sensors.
Interchangeable lens
The ability to exchange lenses, to select the best lenses for current photography needs, and to enable special lens attachments, is one of the key factors in the popularity of DSLR cameras, although this feature is not unique to DSLR design and interchangeable mirrorless lens cameras are becoming increasingly popular. Interchangeable lenses for SLRs and DSLRs (also known as "Glass") are built to operate correctly with certain lens mounts that are generally unique to each brand. A photographer will often use lenses made by the same manufacturer as the camera body (for example, Canon EF lenses on Canon body) although there are also many independent lens manufacturers, such as Sigma, Tamron, Tokina, and Vivitar that make lenses for various lens mounts different. There is also a lens adapter that allows the lens for a single mount lens to be used on the camera body with different lens mounts but with often reduced functionality.
Many lenses can be mounted, "diaphragm-and-meter-compatible", on modern DSLRs and on older SLR films that use the same lens mount. However, when lenses designed for 35 mm film or equivalent size digital image sensors are used on DSLRs with smaller sensors, the images are effectively cut and the lens seems to have a longer focal length than the stated focal length. Most DSLR manufacturers have introduced lens lines with image circles optimized for smaller sensors and focal lengths equivalent to those commonly offered for existing 35 mm DSLRs, mostly in wide-angle range. These lenses tend not to be fully compatible with full frame sensors or 35 mm films because of smaller imaging circuits and, with some Canon EF-S lenses, interfere with the mirror reflex on full-frame bodies.
HD video recording
Since 2008, manufacturers have been offering DSLRs that offer movie modes that are capable of recording high definition motion videos. DSLR with this feature is often known as HDSLR or DSLR video shooter. The first DSLR introduced with HD movie mode, Nikon D90, captures video at 720p24 (1280x720 resolution at 24 frames/s). Other early HDSLRs capture video using nonstandard video resolution or image frequency. For example, Pentax K-7 uses a non-standard resolution of 1536ÃÆ' â € "1024, which fits with a 3: 2 aspect ratio of shadows. The Canon EOS 500D (Rebel T1i) uses a non-standard frame rate of 20 frames/s at 1080p, along with a more conventional 720p30 format.
In general, HDSLR uses a full imager area to capture HD video, though not all pixels (causing video artifacts to some extent). Compared to the much smaller image sensors found in typical camcorders, the much larger HDSLR sensors produce very different image characteristics. HDSLR can achieve much shallower depth of field and superior low light performance. However, the low ratio of active pixels (to total pixels) is more susceptible to aliasing artifacts (such as moire patterns) in scenes with certain textures, and rolling CMOS shifts tend to be heavier. Furthermore, due to the DSLR optical construction, HDSLR usually lacks one or more video functions found on standard custom camcorders, such as autofocus during shooting, power zoom, and electronic viewfinder/preview. This limitation of handling and others prevent HDSLR from operating as a simple point-and-shoot camcorder, rather than demanding some level of planning and skill for shooting locations.
Video functionality has been increasing since the introduction of HDSLR, including higher video resolutions (such as 1080p24) and video bitrates, automatic control enhancement (autofocus) and manual exposure controls, and support for formats compatible with high definition television broadcasting, Blu-ray disc mastering or Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI). Canon EOS 5D Mark II (with firmware release version 2.0.3/2.0.4.) And Panasonic Lumix GH1 is the first HDSLR to offer broadcast 1080p24 video broadcasting, and since then the list of models with comparable functions has grown rapidly..
The rapid maturity of HDSLR cameras has sparked a revolution in digital filmmaking, and the "Shot On DSLR" badge is a fast-growing phrase among independent filmmakers. Canon North American TV ads featuring Rebel T1i have been taken using the T1i itself. The increasing number of films, documentaries, television shows, and other productions use features that are quickly upgraded. One such project is Canon's "Story Beyond the Still" contest that asks filmmakers to jointly create short films in 8 chapters, with each chapter taken in a short time and the winners determined for each chapter. After 7 chapters, the winners collaborate to make the final chapter of the story. Due to the affordability and size of a comfortable HDSLR compared to professional film cameras, The Avengers uses five Canon EOS 5D Mark II and two Canon 7D to take pictures from multiple viewpoints across the set and reduce the number of shooting complex action scenes.
Manufacturers have sold optional accessories to optimize DSLR cameras as video cameras, such as the shotgun type microphone, and EVF External with 1.2 million pixels.
Live preview
Initial DSLRs do not have the ability to display an optical viewfinder on an LCD screen - a feature known as direct preview. A live preview is useful in situations where camera-level viewfights can not be used, such as underwater photography where the camera is enclosed in a plastic waterproof container.
In 2000, Olympus introduced the Olympus E-10, the first DSLR with a live preview - albeit with an atypical fixed lens design. At the end of 2008, some DSLRs from Canon, Nikon, Olympus, Panasonic, Leica, Pentax, Samsung and Sony all provide continuous live previews as an option. In addition, Fujifilm FinePix S5 Pro offers 30 seconds of live preview.
In almost all DSLRs that offer direct previews through the main sensor, the auto-focus detection system does not work in the live preview mode, and the DSLR switches to a slower contrast system normally found in the & amp; shoot camera. Although autofocus phase detection requires contrast in the scene, the tight contrast detection autofocus is limited in its ability to find focus quickly, albeit somewhat more accurately.
In 2012, Canon introduced hybrid autofocus technology to the DSLR in EOS 650D/Rebel T4i, and introduced a more advanced version, called "Dual Pixel CMOS AF", with the EOS 70D. This technology allows certain pixels to act as both a contrast detector and phase detection pixel, thereby greatly increasing the speed of the autofocus in the direct view (although it stays slower than pure phase detection). While some mirrorless cameras, plus the Sony fixed-mirror SLT, have a similar hybrid AF system, Canon is the only manufacturer to offer such technology in DSLR.
A new feature through a separate software package introduced from Breeze Systems in October 2007, displaying live views remotely. The software package is named "DSLR Remote Pro v1.5" and enables support for Canon EOS 40D and 1D Mark III.
Larger sensor size and better image quality
The image sensor used in DSLR has various sizes. The biggest one is used in "medium format" cameras, usually through "digital back" which can be used as an alternative to movie back. Due to the cost of making this great sensor, the price of this camera is usually over $ 6,500 in May 2014.
"Full-frame" is the same size as 35 mm film (135 films, 24 × 36 mm); These sensors are used in DSLRs such as the Canon EOS-1D X Mark II, 5DS/5DSR, 5D Mark IV and 6D Mark II, and Nikon D5, D850, D750, D610 and Df. Most modern DSLRs use smaller sensors that are APS-C sized, which is approximately 22ÃÆ'â € "15Ã, mm, slightly smaller than the APS-C movie frame size, or about 40% of the full-frame sensor area. Other sensor sizes found in DSLR include the Four Thirds System sensor at 26% of the full frame, the APS-H sensor (used, for example, on the Canon EOS-1D Mark III) about 61% of the full frame, and the original Foveon Sensor X3 at 33 % of full frame (though Foveon sensor since 2013 has APS-C size). Leica offers a "S-System" DSLR with an array of 30ÃÆ' â € "45à ¢ â,¬Â½, mm which contains 37 million pixels. The sensor is 56% larger than the full-frame sensor.
The resolution of a DSLR sensor is usually measured in megapixels. More expensive cameras and cameras with larger sensors tend to have higher megapixel ratings. A larger megapixel rating does not mean higher quality. Low light sensitivity is a great example for this. When comparing two sensors of the same size, for example two APS-C sensors one 12.1 MP and one 18 MP, one with a lower megapixel rating will usually perform better in low light. This is because the individual pixel size is larger, and more light lands on each pixel, compared to the sensor with more megapixels. This is not always the case, as newer cameras that have higher megapixels also have better noise reduction software, and higher ISO settings to cover the loss of light per pixel due to higher pixel density.
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Lenses typically used on DSLRs have a wider range of holes available to them, ranging from large ones such as f /0.9 to about f /32. Lenses for camera sensors smaller rarely have available hole sizes that are actually much larger than f /2.8 or much smaller than f /5.6.
To help expand the exposure range, some smaller sensor cameras will also incorporate ND filter packs into the opening mechanism.
The smaller camera sensor holes available provide far more fields than the equivalent point of view on a DSLR. For example, a 6 mm lens at 2/3? the digicam sensor has a field of view that is similar to a 24 mm lens on a 35 mm camera. In the f /2.8 aperture, the smaller sensor camera (assuming crop factor 4) has the same depth of field as the 35 mm camera set to f /11.
Broader viewpoint
The lens angle depends on the focal length and size of the camera image sensor; sensors smaller than 35 mm film format (36 × 24 mm) provide a narrow viewing angle for lenses of a given focal length rather than a camera equipped with a full-frame (35 mm) sensor. By 2017, only some of today's DSLRs have full-frame sensors, including the Canon EOS-1D X Mark II, the EOS 5D Mark IV, the EOS 5DS/5DS R, and the EOS 6D Mark II; Nikon D5, D610, D750, D850, and Df; and Pentax K-1. The scarcity of full-frame DSLRs is partly the result of the cost of such large sensors. Medium size sensor sizes, such as those used in Mamiya ZD, among others, are even larger than full-frame (35 mm) sensors, and are capable of larger resolutions, and thus are more expensive.
The impact of the sensor size in the field of view is called the "crop factor" or "focal length multiplier", which is a factor where the focal length of the lens can be multiplied to provide a full-frame focal length-equivalent for the lens. The typical APS-C sensor has a 1.5 to 1.7 crop factor, so a 50mm focal length lens will give the same field of view as the 75 mm to 85 mm lens on a 35 mm camera. The smaller sensor of the Four Thirds System camera has crop factor 2.0.
While the APS-C camera crop factor effectively narrows the lens's longitudinal viewpoint (telefoto), it makes it easier to take a close shot of distant objects, wide -the two lenses experience reducing their point of view by the same factors.
DSLRs with "crop" sensor sizes have slightly more depth-of-field than cameras with 35 mm sensors for a particular viewing angle. The amount of additional depth of field for given focal length can be calculated roughly by multiplying the depth of the field by the trimming factor. Shallow depth of field is often favored by professionals for portrait work and isolating the subject from the background.
Unusual features
On July 13, 2007, FujiFilm announced FinePix IS Pro, which uses Nikon F-mounted lenses. This camera, in addition to having a live preview, has the capability of recording in the infrared and ultraviolet light spectrum.
In August 2010 Sony released a series of DSLRs that enabled 3D photography. It is done by sweeping the camera horizontally or vertically in the Sweep Panorama 3D mode. Images can be saved as ultra-wide panoramic images or as 16: 9 3D photography for viewing on BRAVIA 3D televisions.
History
In 1969 Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invented the first successful imaging technology using a digital sensor, CCD (Charge-Coupled Device). CCD will enable the rapid development of digital photography. For their contributions to digital photography Boyle and Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009.
In 1975, Kodak engineer Steven Sasson invented the first digital camera, which used the Fairchild CCD 100ÃÆ'â € "100 pixels.
On August 25, 1981 Sony unveiled a prototype of Sony Mavica. This camera is an analog electronic camera featuring interchangeable lenses and an SLR viewfinder.
In 1986, Kodak Microelectronics Technology Division developed a 1.3 MP CCD image sensor, the first with over 1 million pixels. In 1987, the sensor was integrated with the Canon F-1 SLR body at Kodak Federal Systems Division to create the first DSLR camera. The digital backlight monitors the battery current of the camera body to synchronize the image sensor exposure to the film's body shutter. Digital images are stored on moored and processed hard drives for histogram feedback to users. This first camera was made for the US Government, and was followed by several other models aimed at government use, and finally the first commercial DSLR, launched by Kodak in 1991.
In 1995, Nikon co-developed the Nikon E series with Fujifilm. The E series include Nikon E2/E2S, Nikon E2N/E2NS and Nikon E3/E3S, with E3S released in December 1999.
In 1999, Nikon announced the Nikon D1. The D1 body is similar to Nikon's professional 35mm SLR film, and it has the same Nikkor lens, allowing D1 to use the existing Nikon line on AI/AIS and AF focus lenses. Although Nikon and other manufacturers have been producing digital SLR cameras over the past few years, D1 is the first professional digital SLR to replace the undeniable Kodak power in the professional market.
Over the next decade, other camera manufacturers entered the DSLR market, including Canon, Kodak, Fujifilm, Minolta (later Konica Minolta, and eventually acquired by Sony), Pentax (camera division now owned by Ricoh), Olympus, Panasonic, Samsung, Sigma, and Sony.
In January 2000, Fujifilm announced FinePix S1 Pro, the first consumer-level DSLR.
In November 2001, Canon released the 4.1 megapixel EOS-1D, the first professional digital body of this brand. In 2003, Canon introduced the EOS 300D SLR 6.3 megapixel camera (known in the United States and Canada as Digital Rebel and in Japan as Kiss Digital) with a MSRP of US $ 999, aimed at the consumer market. Its commercial success encourages other manufacturers to produce competing digital SLRs, lowering entry fees and allowing more amateur photographers to buy DSLRs.
In 2004, Konica Minolta released Konica Minolta Maxxum 7D, the first DSLR with in-body image stabilization which later became standard on Pentax cameras, Olympus and Sony Alpha.
In early 2008, Nikon released the D90, the first DSLR featuring video recording. Since then all major companies offer cameras with this functionality.
Since then the number of megapixels in sensor imaging has been increasing steadily, with most companies focusing on high ISO performance, focal speed, higher frame rates, digital noise removal generated by imaging sensors, and price reductions to attract new customers.
In June 2012, Canon announced its first DSLR to feature a touch screen, the EOS 650D/Rebel T4i/Kiss X6i. Although this feature has been widely used on both pocket cameras and models without mirrors, it does not make appearances in DSLRs up to 650D.
The DSLR market is dominated by Japanese companies and the top five manufacturers are Japan: Canon, Nikon, Olympus, Pentax, and Sony. Other DSLR manufacturers include Mamiya, Sigma, Leica (Germany), and Hasselblad (Sweden).
In 2007, Canon beat Nikon with 41% of sales worldwide to 40%, followed by Sony and Olympus respectively with a market share of about 6%. In the Japanese domestic market, Nikon captured 43.3% for Canon 39.9%, with Pentax a third away at 6.3%.
In 2008, Canon and Nikon offerings took most of the sales. In 2010, Canon controlled 44.5% of the DSLR market, followed by Nikon with 29.8% and Sony with 11.9%.
For Canon and Nikon, digital SLRs are their greatest profit source. For Canon, their DSLRs take a fourfold advantage of compact digital cameras, while Nikon gets more from DSLRs and lenses than any other product. Olympus and Panasonic have been out of the DSLR market and are now focused on producing cameras without mirrors.
In 2013, after a decade of double-digit growth, DSLR sales (along with MILC) fell 15 percent. This may be because some lower-end DSLR users choose to use smartphones. IDC market intelligence firm predicts Nikon will be out of business in five years if the trend continues. The market has shifted from being driven by hardware to software, and camera manufacturers have not followed suit.
To illustrate the trend, in September 2013 Olympus announced they will stop developing DSLR cameras and will focus on developing MILC.
Current model
Currently DSLR is widely used by consumers and professional photographers. Today's established DSLRs offer a variety of specialized lenses and other photographic equipment. Mainstream DSLRs (in full-frame format or smaller image sensors) are manufactured by Canon, Nikon, Pentax, and Sigma. Pentax, Phase One, Hasselblad, and Mamiya Leaf produce high-end, high-end DSLR medium-format, including some with detachable sensor backs. Contax, Fujifilm, Kodak, Panasonic, Olympus, Samsung previously produced DSLRs, but now offer non-DSLR systems or have left the camera market completely. Konica Minolta's DSLR line is purchased by Sony.
- The Canon EOS digital line this year, including the Canon EOS 1300D/Rebel T6, 200D/SL2, 800D/T7i, 77D, 80D, 7D Mark II, 6D Mark II, 5D Mark IV, 5Ds and 5Ds R and 1D X Mark II. All Canon DSLRs with three- and four-digit model numbers, as well as 7D Mark II, have APS-C sensors. 6D, 5D, and 1D X series are full-frame. By 2018, all current Canon DSLRs use CMOS sensors.
- Nikon has a broad line of DSLR, mostly in direct competition with Canon offerings, including D3400, D5600, D7500 and D500 with APS-C sensors, and D610, D750, D850, D5, D3X and Df with full-frame sensors.
- Leica produces S2, DSLR medium format.
- Pentax currently offers K-3 II, K-S2 and K-S1, all of which use the APS-C sensor. These models offer extensive backward compatibility, accepting all Pentax K mount lenses, which were started in 1975. Pentax also offers Pentax 645Z, which is a medium format camera, and, like Pentax medium format film cameras, is compatible with Pentax '645 lens system. In 2016, Pentax introduces its first full-frame DSLR, the Pentax K-1, with the successor to the K-1 Mark II announced in 2018.
- Sigma manufactures DSLRs using Foveon X3 sensors instead of conventional Bayer sensors. It's claimed to provide higher color resolution, although the number of headline pixels is lower than that of a conventional Bayer sensor camera. It currently offers SD15 entry-level and professional SD1. Sigma is the only DSLR manufacturer that sells lenses for other brand lens mounts.
- Sony has modified a DSLR formula that supports cameras with a single lens (SLT), which is technically still a DSLR, but has a fixed mirror that allows most of the light to enter the sensor while reflecting light to the auto focus sensor. Sony SLT features full-phase autofocus scanning during video recording as well as continuous shooting up to 12 frames/s. That? series, whether traditional SLRs or SLTs, offers a stabilization of sensor-shifting images in the body and retains the loading of Minolta AF lens. In July 2017, the lineup included Alpha 68, Semipro Alpha 77 II, and full-frame professional Alpha 99 II. The transparent (transmissive) mirror allows 70 percent of the light to pass to the imaging sensor, which means stop stop loss 1/3, but the remainder of this light continues reflected to the camera's phase detection sensor AF for fast autofocus for both viewfinder and live on-screen display back, even during video recording and ongoing. The number of moving parts decreases also makes the shooting speed faster for its class. This setting means that SLT cameras use an electronic viewfinder as opposed to an optical viewfinder, which is considered to be some disadvantage, but has the advantage of a direct preview shot with the current setting, whatever is displayed on the back screen is displayed in the viewfinder, and handles the brightest situation well.
DSLR compared to other digital cameras
The reflex design scheme is the main difference between DSLR and other digital cameras. In the reflex design scheme, images taken on the camera sensor are also images viewed through the view finder. Light travels through a single lens and the mirror is used to reflect some of the light through the display finder - hence the name Single Lens Reflex. Although there are variations between point-and-shoot cameras, the typical design exposes the sensor constantly to the light projected by the lens, allowing the camera's screen to be used as an electronic viewfinder. However, LCDs can be hard to see in the brightest sunlight.
Compared to some low-cost cameras that provide an optical viewfinder that uses small auxiliary lenses, the DSLR design has the advantage of being parallax free: it never provides an off-axis display. The disadvantage of the DSLR optical viewfinder system is that when used, it prevents using the LCD to view and arrange images. Some people prefer to write pictures on screen - for them it has become a de facto way to use the camera. Depending on the position of viewing the reflection mirror (down or up), the light from the scene can only reach the viewfinder or sensor. Therefore, many early DSLRs do not provide "direct preview" (i.e., focus, framing, and depth-field previews using screens), facilities always available on digicams. Currently most DSLRs can alternate between direct view and view through the optical viewfinder.
Optical view pictures and digitally generated images
The larger and sophisticated digital camera offers a non-optical electronic through-lens (TTL) display, through an electronic spy viewfinder (EVF) in addition to the rear LCD. Differences in view compared to DSLR is that EVF shows digitally created images, while the viewfinder on DSLR shows actual optical images through a reflex display system. The EVF image has a time lag (that is, it reacts with a delay to see changes) and has a lower resolution than an optical viewfinder but achieves parallax free viewing using less bulk and mechanical complexity than a DSLR with its reflex display system. Optical viewfinders tend to be more comfortable and efficient, especially for action photography and in low-light conditions. Compared to a digital camera with LCD electronic viewfinders, there is no time lag in the picture: it is always true as it is "updated" at the speed of light. This is important for action or sport photography, or other situations where the subject or camera moves quickly. Furthermore, the "resolution" of the images viewed is much better than that provided by the LCD or the electronic viewfinder, which can be important if manual focus is desired for proper focusing, as will happen in macro photography and "micro-photography" with a microscope.) Optical viewfinder can also cause reduced eye strain, however, electronic viewfinders can provide a brighter display in low-light situations, as images can be electronically reinforced.
Performance differences
DSLR cameras often have image sensors of much larger size and often higher quality, offering lower noise, which is useful in low light. Although digital cameras without mirrors with APS-C and full frame sensors exist, most full frames and medium format image sensors are still visible in DSLR designs.
For a long time, DSLRs offer faster and more responsive performance, with fewer shutter breaks, faster autofocus systems, and higher frame rates. Around 2016-17, special mirrorless camera models began offering competitive or superior specs in these aspects. The downside of these cameras is that they do not have an optical viewfinder, making it difficult to focus on moving subjects or in situations where a fast burst mode would be beneficial. Other digital cameras have been significantly slower in shooting (time measured from pressing shutter release to digital image writing to storage media) than DSLR cameras, but this situation is changing with the introduction of faster and faster capture memory cards in the camera-processing chip. However, compact digital cameras are not suitable for action, wildlife, sports, and other photography that require high blast rates (frames per second).
Simple point-and-shoot cameras rely almost exclusively on built-in automation and their machine savvy to capture images in various situations and do not offer manual control over their functions, a trait that makes them unsuitable for use by professionals, fans and adept consumers (aka "prosumers"). The bridge camera provides several levels of manual control over camera shooting modes, and some even have hotshoes and options for attaching lens accessories such as filters and secondary converters. DSLR usually provides photographers with full control over all important parameters of photography and has the option to attach additional accessories including hot shoe mounted flash units, battery holders for additional power and hand position, external light meter, and remote control. DSLRs usually also have fully automatic shooting modes.
DSLR has a larger focal length for the same field of view, which allows the creative use of depth of field effects. However, small digital cameras can focus better on objects that are closer than ordinary DSLR lenses.
Sensor size
The sensors used in the current DSLR ("Full-frame" are the same size as 35 mm film (135 films, 24 × 36 mm), APS-C size, approx. 22ÃÆ'â € "15 mm, and Four Thirds System) is usually much larger than the sensors found in other types of digital cameras. The entry-level compact camera typically uses a sensor known as 1/2.5?, Which is 3% the size of the full frame sensor. There is a bridge camera (also known as a premium pocket camera or point-and-shoot camera enthusiast) that offers a sensor larger than 1/2.5? but most are still far from the larger size that is found in many DSLRs. Examples include Sigma DP1, which uses the Foveon X3 sensor; Leica X1; Canon PowerShot G1 X, which uses 1.5? (18.7ÃÆ'â € "14Ã, mm) sensors that are slightly larger than Four Thirds standards and 30% of full-frame sensors; Nikon Coolpix A, which uses APS-C sensors of the same size as those found in DX-DX format companies; and two models from Sony, RX100 with sensor 1? -type (13.2ÃÆ' â € "8.8Ã, mm) with about half the Four Thirds area and full-frame Sony RX1. These premium compacts are often comparable to entry-level DSLR prices, with smaller sizes and weights being a tradeoff for smaller sensors.
Fixed or replaceable lens
Unlike DSLRs, most digital cameras do not have the option to replace the lens. Instead, most compact digital cameras are made with zoom lenses that cover the most commonly used field of view. Once the lenses are fixed, they are limited to the focal length made with them, except for what is available from the attachment. Manufacturers have attempted (with increased success) to overcome these losses by offering an extreme long focal range on a model known as superzoom, some of which offer a much longer focal length than the available DSLR lenses.
Now there is a perspective correction lens (PC) for DSLR cameras, which provide some camera view attributes. Nikon introduced the first PC lens, fully manual, in 1961. Recently, several manufacturers have introduced advanced lenses that are both shifted and tilted and operated with automatic aperture control.
However, since the introduction of the Micro Four Thirds system by Olympus and Panasonic in late 2008, the lens camera that can be replaced without mirrors is now widely available so that the option to replace the lens is no longer unique to the DSLR. The camera for the micro four thirds system is designed with a choice of replaceable lenses and accept lenses that conform to this particular specification. The camera for this system has the same sensor size as the Four Thirds System but does not have a mirror and pentaprisma, thus reducing the distance between the lens and the sensor.
Panasonic released the first Micro Four Thirds camera, Lumix DMC-G1. Some manufacturers have announced lenses for the installation of new Micro Four Thirds, while older Four Thirds lenses can be mounted with an adapter (mechanical spacer with front and rear power connector and internal firmware itself). Camera lens without a replaceable mirror, but with APS-C sized sensor, announced in January 2010: Samsung NX10. On September 21, 2011, Nikon announced with Nikon 1 series of high-speed MILC. A number of surveillance cameras also support replaceable lenses. Six digital rangefinders exist: Epson R-D1 (APS-C size sensor), Leica M8 (APS-H size sensor), both smaller than 35 mm film surveillance cameras, and Leica M9, ​​M9-P , M Monochrom and M (all full-frame cameras, with Monochrom photographing exclusively in black and white).
Similar to other replaceable lens designs, DSLRs have to compete with the potential for sensor contamination by dust particles when the lens is altered (although the recent dust reduction system reduces this). Digital cameras with fixed lenses are usually not exposed to dust from outside the camera attached to the sensor.
DSLRs generally have greater cost, size, and weight. They also have a much harsher operation, due to the SLR mirror mechanism. Sony's fixed mirror design manages to avoid this problem. However, the design has the disadvantage that some light received from the lens is diverted by the mirror and thus the image sensor receives about 30% less light than the other DSLR designs.
See also
References
External links
- Media associated with Digital SLR cameras on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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