Krav Maga ['k? av ma'? a] , lit. " combat-contact ") is a self-defense system and military combat developed for the Forces Israeli Defense (IDF) and Israeli security forces (Shin Bet and Mossad) derived from a combination of techniques derived from boxing, wrestling, aikido, judo and karate, along with realistic fight training.
Krav Maga is known for its focus on real-world situations and its extreme efficiency. It comes from the street-fighting experience of Hungarian-Israeli martial artist Imi Lichtenfeld, who used his training as a boxer and wrestler while defending the Jewish quarter against fascist groups in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, during the mid to late 1930s.. In the late 1940s, after migrating to Israel, he began giving lessons about combat training to become an IDF.
From the beginning, the original concept of Krav Maga was to take the simplest and most practical techniques of other fighting styles (originally European boxing, wrestling and street fighting) and to make it quickly teachable to conscription.
Krav Maga has a philosophy that emphasizes aggression, and simultaneous defensive and offensive maneuvers. Krav Maga has been used by special forces units of the Israeli Defense Forces, security apparatus, and by ordinary infantry units. The closely related variations have been developed and adopted by Israeli law enforcement and intelligence organizations. There are several organizations that teach Krav Maga variation internationally.
Video Krav Maga
Etymology
The Hebrew name can be translated as "contact contact". The basic word Maps Krav Maga
Basic principles
Like most martial arts, Krav Maga encourages students to avoid physical confrontation. If this is not possible or unsafe, it promotes completing fights as quickly and as aggressively as possible. Attacks are directed at the most vulnerable parts of the body, and training is not limited to techniques that avoid severe injuries; some even permanently injure or cause death of the opponent.
Students learn to defend themselves from various attacks and are taught to fight in the quickest and most efficient way.
Ideas at Krav Maga include:
- Simultaneous and defensive attacks
- Develop physical aggression (not to be confused with aggression or emotional anger), with the view that physical aggression is the most important component of the fight
- Keep attacking your opponent until they are completely paralyzed.
- Attempts preemptively or counterattacks as soon as possible
- Use any object that can be used to hit an opponent.
- Target attacks on the most vulnerable parts of the body, such as: eyes, neck or throat, face, solar plexus, groin, ribs, knees, feet, fingers, liver, etc.
- Using simple and repeatable strikes.
- Maintains environmental awareness when handling threats to find escape routes, more attackers, objects that can be used to attack opponents.
- Recognize the importance and extend the instinctive response under pressure
Training can also include the study and development of situational awareness to develop an understanding of one's environment, learn to understand the psychology of street confrontation, and identify potential threats before an attack occurs. It may also include ways to deal with physical and verbal methods to avoid violence whenever possible. It also teaches mental toughness, using controlled scenarios to strengthen mental strength so that students can control impulse and not do anything reckless, but instead attack only when necessary and as a last resort.
Technique
Krav Maga is a system that continues to evolve (reflecting real-world experience) so it is unclear to define universal curricula, as happened in some Eastern martial arts. However, from major Krav Maga organizations around the world, the technique is very similar.
Technique adopted
Some of the main focus of technique in Krav Maga - as described above - is effectiveness and instinctive response under pressure. For that reason, Krav Maga is an eclectic system that does not attempt to replace existing effective techniques, taking what is useful from the available systems, for example:
- Strikes - according to karate, and boxing,
- Retrieval and throw-per judo, aikido, and wrestling
- Land work - per judo and wrestling
Techniques extracted from such systems in some cases have been modified to reflect the fact that their origins in sport with rules, which limit their effectiveness in real fight situations. Beyond this, Krav Maga has developed several additional techniques, if required.
Examples of techniques developed in the system include
Escaped from choking and arrested:
- As mentioned above, often systems that use freezing, chokes, take-down, etc. is a competitive sport and does not allow strikes.
- Krav Maga thus completes the escapes taken from this system with strikes including foot attacks, crotch strikes, heads, etc.
Hand-to-hand defense weapons (based on the premise that individuals who are attacked in eg a mishmash situation, most likely unarmed), include:
- Defense against attackers using knives
- The defense against the attacker holds the bat/bat
- Pistol disarms
Since there is no universal authority on the system, students may find that different schools advocate different approaches.
History
Imre Lichtenfeld (also known as Imi Sde-Or) was born in 1910 in Pozsony, Austro-Hungary and grew up in Bratislava (Slovakia). Lichtenfeld became active in various sports, including gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing. In 1928, Lichtenfeld won the Slovakian Youth Wrestling Championships, and in 1929 the adult championship (light and medium divisions). In the same year, he also won the national boxing championships and international gymnastics championships. Over the next decade, Imi's athletic activities mainly focus on wrestling, both as contestants and coaches.
In the mid-1930s, anti-Semit riots began to threaten the Jews in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Lichtenfeld became the leader of a group of Jewish boxers and wrestlers who took to the streets to defend the Jewish neighborhood against the growing number of national socialist parties and anti-Semitic thugs. Lichtenfeld quickly discovered, however, that the actual battles were very different from the competition bout, and although boxing and wrestling were good sports, they were not always practical for the aggressive and brutal nature of street fighting. It was then that he began re-evaluating his ideas about combat and began to develop skills and techniques that would eventually become Krav Maga. After becoming a thorn on the side of the same anti-Semitic local authority, in 1940, Lichtenfeld left his home with his family and friends on the last refugee ship to flee from Europe.
After going to the Mandatory Palestine, Lichtenfeld joined the Haganah paramilitary organization to protect Arab Jewish refugees. In 1944, Lichtenfeld began training fighters in his area of ​​expertise: physical fitness, swimming, wrestling, knife use, and defense against knife attacks. During this period, Lichtenfeld trained several elite Haganah units including the Palmach (the striking power of the Haganah and the pioneer of special units of the Israeli Defense Forces) and Pal-Yam, as well as police groups.
In 1948, when the State of Israel was founded and the IDF was formed, Lichtenfeld became Chief Instructor for Physical Fitness and Krav Maga at IDF School of Combat Fitness. He served on the IDF for about 20 years, during which time he developed and perfected his unique methods for martial arts and hand-to-hand combat. Martial arts are not a new concept, as almost all martial arts have developed some form of defense techniques in their quest for sport tournaments or dominance. However, self-defense is based on the scientific and dynamic principles of the human body. In 1965 judo training was added as part of the Krav Maga training, and until 1968 there was no value in Krav Maga. Then the value of the student is determined largely by his knowledge in judo.
In 1968 Eli Avikzar, Imi's first student and the first black belt, began studying aikido and in 1971 went to France where he received a brown belt in aikido. Upon returning, Eli starts working as an instructor alongside Imi where they work together to improve Krav Maga by combining aikido and opponent defense into Krav Maga. Then in 1974 Imi retired and handed Eli Avikzar a Krav Maga training center in Netanya. Shortly afterwards, in 1976, Eli joined the IDF's permanent force, as head of the Krav Maga section. The role of Krav Maga in the military increased rapidly after Eli's appointment. More courses are given and each P.E. instructors are obliged to learn Krav Maga. Eli continued to develop Krav Maga in the IDF until he retired in 1987. To date, Eli has trained 80,000 male warriors and 12,000 female warriors.
Further pursuing excellence as a martial arts student, Eli went to Germany in 1977 and received a black belt in aikido from the European Federation. Then in 1978 the association of Krav Maga was founded, and in 1989, as an active member of the judo association, Eli Avikzar helped form a professional committee and rank by establishing the Israel Krav Maga Association (IKMA or KAMI). Eli retired as Chief Krav Maga instructor in 1987 and Boaz Aviram became the third person to hold the position, becoming the last head instructor to have studied directly with Lichtenfeld and Avikzar.
Krav Maga in Israeli government
IDF Krav Maga instructor course is five weeks. Competition
in the Israeli government
The IDF has had an annual Krav Maga competition since May 2013.
Krav Maga for civilians
After Lichtenfeld retired from the IDF, he decided to open a school and teach Krav Maga to civilians. The first Krav Maga course was held at the Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel, in 1971, under Imi Lichtenfeld's direct supervision.
In 1978, Lichtenfeld founded the Israel Nonprofit Krav Maga Association (IKMA) with several senior instructors. After his retirement, Imi nominated Haim Gidon as his successor to Grand Master and president of IKMA. Lichtenfeld died in January 1998 in Netanya, Israel.
When Krav Maga began to spread beyond the borders of Israel, there emerged the need to establish an international civilian organization. Some of the first and second generation students from Lichtenfeld, among them are Arviat Zagal, Asaf Halevi, and Dan Levy, eventually forming a new, civil, international Krav Maga federation.
Grading System
Most Krav Maga organizations in Israel and in the world (such as FEKM in Europe or KMAA in USA or FSAKM in Brazil) use the original colored belt scoring system of Imi Lichtenfeld based on the judo ranking system. It starts with a white belt, and then a yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and black belt. Students of the black belt can rise in rank from 1 to 9. Time and requirements for progress have some differences between organizations.
Other organizations that teach Krav Maga inside and outside Israel use the same rating system that provides patches of patches. The patch system was developed by Eyal Yanilov in the late 1980s. Values ​​are divided into 3 main categories; Practitioners, Scholars, and Experts. Each category, often shortened to its initials, has 5 ranks. The values ​​of P1 through P5 are student levels and form the majority of the Krav Maga community. After P5 is G1-G5, and to reach the Graduate level students must demonstrate proficiency in all P level techniques before progressing. The majority of instructors have a G-level and are civil instructors. However, passing the instructor training course is a requirement, and holding a Graduate degree does not necessarily make one instructor. The Graduate syllabus is also built on the Practitioner's syllabus with more focus on developing combat skills. Expert value includes advanced military and third party protection techniques and advanced fighting and combat skills. People in this position tend to teach in other sectors such as the military and law enforcers other than civilians. To advance to the Expert level, one must demonstrate proficiency in all Practitioners and Bachelor's syllabus and have excellent fighting skills. Beyond Expert 5 is a master rank. However, this rank is held by only a small number of individuals and is only reserved for those who have dedicated lives to Krav Maga and made valuable contributions in teaching and promoting style.
Krav Maga organizations in the United States, South America and Europe also use belt rating systems such as those in IKMA, KMF and Not. Although there are some subtle differences, various organizations teach the same core techniques and principles. Several other organizations founded by Aaron Elbaze, and Urban Krav Maga, have less formal rating ratings without belts or patches but have a level where students can monitor their progress.
Sparring
In some organizations such as Krav Maga Global (KMG), sparring is slow and light until students reach the G2 level. This takes about four to six years, as rising one level in the Practitioners and Graduate category requires half a year's minimum half-year training. (However, it is more common to observe regular trainees with an assessment only once a year from P3 and above.)
Once at G2, students also do a "real" simulation fight with protective equipment.
Some organizations encourage debate as soon as students start practicing. For example, the International Capacity Association starts from the beginner level, and will train full contact with minimal equipment in both stand and surface combat, using the semi-professional MMA rules for safety. Debates should always be monitored and monitored carefully by qualified instructors.
Competition for civilians
Some Krav Maga organizations do not support the competition component, taking the attitude that Krav Maga is not a sport. The so-called "fighting" sports tend to operate under the principle of using safe techniques, doing minor damage, and consequently defeating opponents and using other tactics supported by secure "competition" rules. In its role of self-defense and as a hand-to-hand combat system, Krav Maga operates under a completely different set of principles where techniques may indeed cause significant damage and fights must end as quickly as possible when the conflict can not be resolved. avoided. Krav Maga organizations that involve competition are usually established and given a special name to focus on the use of Krav Maga-based techniques especially under a set of sports principles.
References
Further reading
- Imi Sde-Or (founder) and Eyal Yanilov (chief instructor) How to Defend Yourself Against Armed Attack , Dekel Publishing House, 2001. This book is the one first published from only three books written by the founder (Imi) and his closest assistant (Eyal). It has been translated into 10 languages, including: Japanese, Spanish, Czech, Hungarian, German, Dutch, French, Polish, and others.
- Aviram, Boas. Krav Maga: The Use of the Human Body as a Weapon: The Philosophy and Application of a Hand Training System to the Hand of Struggle . US: Lulu Enterprises, 2009. ISBNÃ, 978-0-557-24846-9, ISBNÃ, 0-557-24846-9.
- Ben Asher, David. Fighting Fit: Israel Defense Force's Guide to Physical Fitness and Self Defense . New York: Perigee Books, 1983. ISBNÃ, 0-399-50624-1.
- Cohen, Einat Bar-On. (2011). "Once We Put Our Helmies, No More Friends:" Fighting "Sessions at Israeli Army Course for the Combat-Instructor". Armed Forces & amp; Community 37, No. 3: 512-533.
- Kahn, David. Krav Maga: an important guide to well known methods for fitness and martial arts . London: Piatkus, 2005. ISBNÃ, 0-01-303950-4.
- Levine, Darren. Complete krav maga: the ultimate guide to over 200 self defense techniques and fighting techniques . Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses, 2007. ISBNÃ, 1-56975-573-6.
- Philippe, Christophe. The important Krav Maga: self defense techniques for everyone . Berkeley, Calif.: Blue Snake, 2006. ISBNÃ, 1-58394-168-1.
- Master Ofir. HAGANA SYSTEM: Self Protection Academy Established by Ofir . Paris: Amphora Edition 2012.
- Allan Stevo (June 23, 2011). "Martial Arts/Self-Defense Style Invented in Bratislava" . Retrieved March 5 2013 .
- Krav Maga Systems (May 11, 2017). "International Krav Maga Systems Blog".
External links
- Media related to Krav Maga on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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