Mixed martial arts

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Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) is a complete contact combat sport that allows attacking and grappling, both standing and on the ground, using techniques from sports wars and other martial arts. The first documented use of the term Mixed Martial Arts was in the UFC 1 review by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993. The term is gaining popularity when newfullcontact.com, then one of the largest sites that includes sports, organizes and republish the article. The question of who really created the term is debatable.

During the early 20th century, mixed style contests took place throughout Japan, Taiwan and in the Asian Four Tigers. In 1980, CV Productions, Inc. created the first organized MMA League in the United States, called the Tough Guy Contest , later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company approved ten tournaments in Pennsylvania. However, in 1983, the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a law banning the sport. In Brazil there is a Vale Tudo sport, where fighters of various styles fight with little or no rules. The Gracie family is known for promoting the Vale Tudo game as a way to promote their own Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu style.

In 1993 the Gracie family brought the Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, developed in Brazil from the 1920s, to the United States by setting up the promotional company Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) MMA. The company held events with virtually no rules, largely because of the influence of Art Davie and Rorion Gracie trying to imitate the Vale Tudo fights that existed in Brazil, and would then apply a different set of rules (eg: eliminate kicking frozen opponents), which is different from other leagues that are more supportive of realistic fights.

Initially promoted as a competition to find the most effective martial arts for a real unarmed battle, competitors of various fighting styles pitted against each other in contests with relatively few rules. Then, individual fighters combine several martial arts into their style. MMA promoters are pressed to adopt additional rules to improve competitors' safety, to comply with sports regulations and to expand mainstream sports acceptance. Following these changes, this sport has increased its popularity with pay-per-view businesses that compete with professional boxing and wrestling.

Video Mixed martial arts

History

In ancient Greece there was a sport called pankrasi, which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills similar to those found in modern MMA. Pankrasi was formed by a combination of established wrestling and boxing traditions and, in Olympic terms, was first featured in the 33rd Olympics in 648 BC. All strikes and holds are allowed with the exception of biting and prying, which is prohibited. The fighters, called pankratiasts, fought until one could not continue or hinted of surrender by lifting their forefinger; no rounds. According to E. Norman Gardiner, 'No athletic branch is more popular than pancration.' From its origins in Ancient Greece, pancration was then passed on to Rome.

In ancient China, combat sports emerged in the form of Leitai. It is a mixed-combat mixture sport combined with boxing and wrestling. There is evidence of similar mixed combat sports in ancient Egypt, India and Japan.

The mid-19th century saw the excellence of this new sport in combat sports circles. Fervent French warriors wanted to test their technique against traditional combat styles of its time. In 1852, a contest was held in France between the French savior and the British nude boxer in which French fighter Rambaud aka la Resistance against British boxer Dickinson and won with his kick. However, the England team still won four other matches during the contest. Other similar contests also occurred in the late 19th century until the middle of the 20th century between French Savateurs and other fighting styles. Examples include the 1905 battle between French tour guide George Dubois and a Judo Reinierand practitioner who produced the final victory with submission, and a highly publicized 1957 battle between French savior and professional boxer Jacques Cayron and a young Japanese karate named Mochizuki Hiroo which ended when Cayron drops Hiroo with a hook.

Unlikely battles were reported in the late 1880s when the wrestlers represent the style of Catch wrestling games and many others meet in tournaments and music-hall matches compete throughout Europe. In the United States, the first major meeting between modern boxers and wrestlers in modern times occurred in 1887 when John L. Sullivan, the heavyweight world champion, entered the ring with his coach, wrestling champion William Muldoon, and slammed into the mat in two minutes. The next publicized meeting took place in the late 1890s when heavyweight boxing champion in the future, Bob Fitzsimmons, took European wrestling champion Ernest Roeber. In September 1901, Frank "Paddy" Slavin, once a contender for Sullivan's boxing title, defeated world wrestling champion Frank Gotch in Dawson City, Canada. Judo-practitioner Ren-nierand, who gained fame after defeating George Dubois, will fight again in another similar contest, which he lost to Ukrainian wrestler Ivan Poddubny.

Another early example of mixed martial art was Bartitsu, whose Edward William Barton-Wright was founded in London in 1899. Combining capture wrestling, judo, boxing, savate, jujutsu and canne de combat, Bartitsu is a martial art first known for combining Asian and European fighting styles, and who saw MMA style contests across Britain, hitting Catch Europe wrestlers and Japanese Judoka champions against representatives of various European wrestling styles.

The history of the modern MMA competition can be traced to mixed style contests across Europe, Japan, and the Pacific Coast during the early 1900s. In Japan, this contest is known as brew , from the Japanese slang to "American [fighting]". Give the contest is at stake under various rules, including the decision points, the best of the three throws or knockdown, and victory through the knockout or surrender system.

The popularity of professional wrestling, contested under various grappling rules of capture at the time, diminished after World War I, when sport was divided into two genres: "firing", where fighters actually competed, and "showed", which evolved into modern professional wrestling. In 1936, heavyweight boxing Kingfish Levinsky and veteran wrestler Catch Ray Steele competed in a mixed match, which Steele won in 35 seconds. In 1963, a wrestler and judoka "Judo" Gene Lebell fought professional boxer Milo Savage in a match without a ban. Lebell was won by Harai Goshi to back naked chokes, leaving Savage unconscious. This is the first mixed-style battle fight in North America. The homecoming crowd was so angry that they started scoffing and throwing chairs at Lebell.

On February 12, 1963, three karatekas from Oyama dojo (kyokushin then) went to Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Thailand and fought against three Muay Thai fighters. The three kyokushin karate fighters are Tadashi Nakamura, Kenji Kurosaki and Akio Fujihira (also known as Noboru Osawa), while the Muay Thai team of three has only one original Thai fighter. Japan win 2-1: Tadashi Nakamura and Akio Fujihira defeat their opponents with a blow while Kenji Kurosaki, who struggles against Thailand, is knocked out by the elbows. It should be noted that the defeated Japanese fighter, Kenji Kurosaki, was a kyokushin instructor, rather than a competitor, and that he had stood in place of a chosen fighter that did not exist. In June of the same year, karateka and future kickboxer Tadashi Sawamura faced Thailand's top Samarn Sor Adisorn: Sawamura was beaten sixteen times on his way to defeat him. Sawamura went on to include what he learned in the fight in the kickboxing tournament.

During the late 1960s to early 1970s, the concept of incorporation of various elements of martial arts was popularized in the west by Bruce Lee through the Jeet Kune Do. system Lee believes that "the best fighter is not Boxer, Karate, or Judo." The best fighter is someone who can adapt to any style, be formless, to adopt an individual style and not follow a style system. " In 2004, UFC President Dana White would refer to Lee as "the father of mixed martial arts" stating: "If you look at the way Bruce Lee is trained, the way he fights, and many things he writes, he says the perfect style is nonexistent style.You take a little something from everything.You take good things from every different discipline, use what works, and you throw out the rest â €.

A contemporary of Bruce Lee, Wing Chun practitioner, Wong Shun Leung, became famous in the illegal battle of 60-100 beimo against other Chinese martial artists in various styles. Wong also fights and wins against Western fighters from other combat styles, such as his match against a Russian boxer named Giko, his televised fight against a fencer, and his well-documented fight against Taiwan's Kung-Fu Wu Ming Jeet. Wong combines boxing and kickboxing into his kungfunya, as Bruce Lee does.

Muhammad Ali vs Antonio Inoki took place in Japan in 1976. The classic battle between professional boxers and professional wrestlers turns sour because each fighter refuses to engage in another style, and after a 15-lap standoff, is declared a draw. Ali suffered severe damage to his legs, when Inoki slid kicked him constantly during the attack, causing him to be hospitalized for the next three days. The fight plays an important role in the history of mixed martial arts. In Japan, the game inspired the students of Inoki Masakatsu Funaki and Minoru Suzuki to find Pancrase in 1993, which in turn inspired the foundations of the Pride Battle Championship in 1997. Pride gained by the Ultimate Fighting Championship rivals in 2007.

A well-documented fight between boxing champion Joey Hadley and Arkansas Karate Arkansas David Valovich took place on June 22, 1976 at Memphis Blues Baseball Park. The fight has a mixed rule: karateka is allowed to use his fists, feet and knees, while boxers can only use his fists. Hadley won the battle through a knockout in the first half.

In 1988, Rick Roufus challenged Changpuek Kiatsongrit into a non-title boxer Muay Thai vs. kickboxing. Rick Roufus at the time was an unbeatable Kickboxer and held both KICK Super Middleweight World and US CCP Middleweight titles. Changpuek Kiatsongrit finds it increasingly difficult to fight in Thailand because his weight (70kg) is not unusual for Thailand, where competitive battles tend to weigh less. Roufus knocked Changpuek down twice with a punch in the first round, breaking Changpuek's jaw, but lost to a technical knockout in the fourth round due to a low kick peak to the leg he had not prepared. This match is the first popular bout that showcased the low kick power to a predominantly Western audience.

Sambo, martial arts and combat sports developed in Russia in the early 1920s, incorporating various forms of fighting styles such as wrestling, judo, and attacking into a unique martial art.

Large event timeline

Maps Mixed martial arts

Modern sports

The movement that led to the creation of the mixed American and Japanese martial arts scene is rooted in two interconnected subcultures and two grappling styles, the Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and shooting wrestling. The first was a tedo vale show in Brazil, followed by a Japanese-style wrestling show.

Vale tudo began in 1920 and became famous through its relationship to the "Gracie challenge", issued by Carlos Gracie and HÃÆ' Â © lio Gracie and subsequently upheld by the Gracie family lineage. "Gracie Challenge" was held in the garage and gym of the Gracie family members. As popularity grows, this type of combat blend becomes a major attraction in the carnival in Brazil. The early professional combat fight battle in Japan (known as Ishu Kakut, Gi Sen, literally "heterogeneous fighting combat") became popular with Antonio Inoki in the 1970s, an. Inoki is a student of Rikid? Zan, but also from Karl Gotch, who trained many Japanese wrestlers in capturing wrestling.

The mixed martial arts competition was first introduced in the United States by CV Productions, Inc. His first competition, called the Tough Guy Contest was held on March 20, 1980, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, Holiday Inn. During the year the company changed its brand name to Super Fighters and approved ten tournaments arranged in Pennsylvania. In 1983, the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill specifically calling for: "Banning the Difficult Guy contest or the Battle of Contest Brawlers", and ending the sport. In 1993, the sport was reintroduced to the United States by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The sport gained international exposure and wide publicity when jiu-jitsu fighter Royce Gracie won the first Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament, sending three challengers in total just five minutes. sparking a revolution in martial arts.

Japan has a mixed form of self-defense martial art, Shooto, which evolved from wrestling wrestling in 1985, as well as Pancrase wrestling derivatives, founded as a promotion in 1993. The first Japanese Vale Tudo tournament was held in 1994 and 1995 and both were won by Rickson Gracie. Around the same time, the International Vale Tudo competition began to expand through (World Vale Tudo Championship (WVC), VTJ, IVC, UVF etc.). The mixed martial arts interest as a sport resulted in the creation of the Pride Battle Championship (Pride) in 1997, where again Rickson participated and won.

The sport reached a new peak of popularity in North America in December 2006: a rematch between UFC light heavyweight champion Chuck Liddell and former champion Tito Ortiz, rivaling PPV sales from some of the greatest boxing events of all time, and helping UFC 2006 Gross PPV surpass that from every promotion in the history of PPV. In 2007, Zuffa LLC, UFC promotional owner of MMA, bought the MMA rival Pride FC brand from Japan, combining the fighters contracted under one promotion. Comparisons are drawn to consolidations that occur in other sports, such as the AFL-NFL Merger in American football.

The origin of the term "MMA"

The first documented use of the name of the mixed martial art was in the UFC 1 review by television critic Howard Rosenberg, in 1993. The term gained popularity when the website was newfullcontact.com, then one of the largest sports covers , host and reprint articles. The first use of the term by promotion was in September 1995 by Rick Blume, president and CEO of Battlecade Extreme Fighting, right after UFC 7. UFC Officer Jeff Blatnick in charge of Ultimate Fighting Championship officially adopted the name of mixed martial arts. It was previously marketed as "Ultimate Fighting" and "No Holds Barred (NHB)", until Blatnick and John McCarthy proposed the name "MMA" at a meeting of UFC 17 rules in response to an increase in public criticism. The question of who actually created the name is still debated.

Rule

The first country to organize the MMA event was held in Biloxi, Mississippi on August 23, 1996 with sanctions from Mayhem IFC in Mississippi shown by the Mississippi Athletic Commission under William Lyons. The rule used is the adaptation of kickboxing rules that have been accepted by most state athletics commissions. This modified kickboxing rule makes it possible to drop and fight ground and do not do the rounds, although they allow the fighters to stand by the referee and start over if there is no action on the field. These rules are the first in modern MMA to define abuses, surface battles and cage use.

In March 1997, the Iowa Athletics Commission formally approved Battlecade Extreme Fighting under the modified form of the existing rules for Shootfighting. These rules create three 5 minute rounds, one minute break formats, and mandated firing shot gloves, as well as heavyweights, for the first time. The illegal blows are listed as a crotch strike, the head sits, biting, prying eyes, pulling hair, striking the opponent with the elbow while the opponent is on the mat, strikes the kidney, and hits the back of the head with a closed fist. Holding a ring or cage for any reason is defined as a violation. Although there is a small difference between this and the final Integrated Rule, especially regarding elbow attacks, Iowa rules allow mixed martial arts promoters to perform basically modern events legally, anywhere in the state. On March 28, 1997, Extreme Fighting 4 was held under this rule, making it the first performance performed under the modern rules version.

In April 2000, the California State Athletics Commission unanimously approved the rules that form the basis for the Integrated Mixed Martial Arts Rules. However, when the law was sent to the California capital in Sacramento for review, it was determined that the sport fell outside of the CSAC jurisdiction, making sound insignificant.

On September 30, 2000, the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board (NJSACB) began allowing mixed martial arts promoters to hold events in New Jersey. The first event was the IFC event titled Battleground 2000 held in Atlantic City. The goal is to enable NJSACB to observe real events and gather information to establish a comprehensive set of rules to govern the sport effectively.

On April 3, 2001, NJSACB held a meeting to discuss the rules of mixed martial arts events. This meeting seeks to unify the various rules and regulations that have been used by various mixed martial arts organizations. At this meeting, the proposed uniform rule was agreed upon by NJSACB, several other regulatory bodies, many promoters of mixed martial arts events and other interested parties present. At the end of the meeting, all parties present can agree on a uniform set of rules to organize mixed martial arts sports.

The rules adopted by NJSACB have become a set of de facto standard rules for mixed professional martial arts throughout North America. On July 30, 2009, a movement was made at the annual meeting of the Boxing Commission Association to adopt these rules as "Integrated Mixed Martial Arts Rules". The movement passed unanimously.

In November 2005, the United States Army began approving mixed martial arts with the first annual Army Championships hosted by the US Army Combat School.

Canada officially discriminates mixed martial arts by voting in Bill S-209 on June 5, 2013. The bill allows the provinces to have the power to create an athletic commission to organize and approve a professional martial arts fight.

Organization MMA

Promotions

According to the MMA portal Tapology.com , hundreds of MMA promotions around the world generate MMA events.

Since UFC became famous in mainstream media in 2006, and with the 2007 merger with Pride FC and WEC and Strikeforce purchases, no company has any significant competition, and UFC is considered to have most of the top-rated talent. Fighters usually get a contract at UFC after successfully competing in other MMA promotions from around the world.

Some MMA promotions tend to be more to build prospects while others have a mixture of good prospects and veterans. Some just exist to become league feeders for larger promotions (eg LFA , CWFC ), others exist to try to be the best in the world (eg ACB , ONE Championship ). Some promotions only do four performances a year while others do it every month.

According to ScorecardMMA.com , one of the world's top statistical rating services for MMA, and the only one currently mapping statistically worldwide MMA promotions; "To rank our MMA Campaign we use an index that we calculate based on Promotion Score Promo Score Calculation is based on the power of Events and Promoter Fighters have at the moment. The Promo Score has three main components:

• Event Index - based on event quality in the last quarter and last year.
• Owned Combat Index - calculated based on the quality of fighters currently owned by the campaign (contracted, or used recently).
• Harrow Warriors Index - a fighter that has been using promotions in the last four months and in the last three quarters.

On May 26, 2018, the top 15 MMA promotions (out of 41 ratings) in the world are:

• 1. Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Based in Las Vegas, USA. Broadcast their fight locally at Fox Sports (starting 2019 will be on ESPN) and on other networks around the world.
• 2. Bellator MMA. Based in Newport Beach, California, United States. Broadcast their fight locally at Paramount Network and other networks around the world.
• 3. Absolute Championship (ACB). Based in Grozny, Russia. Broadcast their fight locally on Match TV and stream on Youtube (with Russian commentary) and Facebook (with English comment).
• 4. Fight Nights Global (FNG). Based in Moscow, Russia. Broadcast their fight locally on Match TV , and stream in VKontakte.
• 5. ONE Championship. Based in Kallang, Singapore. Broadcast their battle regionally on Fox Sports Asia and stream in their Mobile app (no Geo blocking).
• 6. Rizin Fighting Federation (Rizin FF). Based in Tokyo, Japan. Broadcast their battle locally on Fuji Television and pay-per-view on SKY PerfecTV! (Japan only) and Fite.tv (international).
• 7. Invicta FC (all MMA women). Based in Enka, North Carolina, USA. Broadcast their bout at the UFC Fight Pass.
• 8. Pancrase. Based in Tokyo, Japan. Broadcast their fights locally in Tokyo MX and stream on Abema.tv (with Japanese commentary) and on UFC Fight Pass (with English comment).
• 9. M-1 Global. Based in St. Petersburg, Russia. Broadcast their bout locally in Russia-2 and stream in their mobile app (with English comment).
• 10. Legacy Fighting Alliance (LFA). Based in Houston, Texas, USA. Broadcast their fight locally at AXS TV Fights.
• 11. The Akhmat Fighting World Championship (WFCA). Based in Grozny, Russia. Broadcast their battle locally at Grozny TV (also streamed in Grozny.tv ).
• 12. Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (KSW). Originally from Warsaw, Poland. Broadcast their fight locally at Polsat Sport and on Fight Network internationally.
• 13. In. Based in Nagoya, Japan. Broadcast their fights locally on SKY PerfecTV! (Fighting TV Samurai channel) and streaming on Abema.tv .
• 14. Road Fighting Championship (Road FC). Based in Wonju, South Korea. Broadcast their fights locally on MBC Sports and stream on afreecaTV (with Korean commentary) and YouTube (with English comment).
• 15. Cage Warriors (CWFC). Based in London, UK, UK. Broadcast their fight locally at BT Sport and at the UFC Fight Pass.

Gyms

There are hundreds of MMA training facilities around the world.

These are the top 10 MMA Gyms in the world based on how many top 15 UFC ranking fighters they train. There are 160 fighters, who practice in over 80 different fitness centers, in the top 15 of 10 UFC divisions. The rankings are based on a system in which a champion gets their gym 25 points, competitor # 1 is 15, competitor # 2 10 and then downgrades is equivalent to a 1 point drop to rank # 10. From there, the 11-15 ranking is worth each 1 point. (updated July 2015):

• 1. Nova UniÃÆ'Â £ o is located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• 2. Jackson-Winkeljohn MMA located in Albuquerque, New Mexico
• 3. American Kickboxing Academy (AKA) located in San Jose, California.
• 4. The Alpha Male team is located in Sacramento, California.
• 5. American Top Team (ATT) located in Coconut Creek, Florida.
• 6. Kings MMA is located in Huntington Beach, California.
• 7. Blackzilians is located in Boca Raton, Florida.
• 8. Serra-Longo is located on Long Island, New York.
• 9. Glendale Fighting Club located in Glendale, California.
• 10. Black House (Tim Nogueira) based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Media

The leader of Alexa Internet web traffic data rankings lists 40 online media under the "MMA news and media" website. Starting November 13, 2017, the top 10 websites that include this sport are:

• 1. Sherdog.com
• 2. MMAFighting.com (SB Nation)
• 3. UFC.com
• 4. MMAjunkie.com
• 5. MMAmania.com (SB Nation)
• 6. BloodyElbow.com (Nation SB)
• 7. Mixedmartialarts.com
• 8. ESPN.com/mma
• 9. MMAWeekly.com
• 10. Lowkickmma.com

Development of fighter

As a result of an increasing number of competitors, organized training camps, information sharing, and modern kinesiology, an understanding of the effectiveness of various strategies has been greatly improved. UFC commentator Joe Rogan claimed that the martial art developed more in ten years after 1993 than 700 years before.

The high profile of modern MMA promotions such as UFC and Pride has encouraged the development of accelerated sports. The early 1990s saw a wide range of traditional styles competing in sports. However, early competition saw different levels of success between different styles. In the early 1990s, the style practitioners were wrestling like a competition dominated by japanese jiu-jitsu in the United States. Strike-based art practitioners such as boxing, kickboxing, and karate, who are unfamiliar with submission, are proving to be unprepared for dealing with his submission techniques. As the competition becomes more common, those with a striking base in art become more competitive when they practice cross-style in style around takedowns and submissions. Likewise, those from different styles of wrestling add striking techniques to their armory. This increased cross-training causes the fighters to become increasingly multidimensional and have good skills.

The new hybridization of fighting styles can be seen in the "ground and pound" techniques developed by the Wrestler-based UFC pioneers such as Dan Severn, Don Frye and Mark Coleman. These wrestlers recognize the necessity of combining strikes on the ground and also on the feet, and putting the soil into their hanging style. Mark Coleman states in UFC 14 that his strategy is to "Silence him and beat him", which may be the first use of television of the term.

Since the late 1990s, both strikers and grapplers have been successful at MMA, although rarely see non-schoolers in striking art and grapple at the highest level of competition.

The greatest MMA fighters of all time are considered by experts, fighters and fans to be one of the heavyweights of Fedor Emelianenko or intermediate middle Anderson Silva. UFC's color commentator Joe Rogan responded to a fan's question: "Joe, is it the Largest Fedor of All Time? That's it or Anderson, and I can see his argument will go on honestly, both men really have a magic moment in the competition against some of the best in world."

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Rules

The rules for modern mixed martial arts competitions have changed significantly since the early days of vale tudo, Japanese wrestling wrestling, and UFC 1, and even more than the historic pankrasi style. When knowledge of combat techniques spreads among fighters and spectators, it becomes clear that the original minimalist rule system needs to be changed. The main motivation for this regulatory change is the protection of the health of the fighters, the desire to unleash the perception of "barbarism and lawlessness", and to be recognized as a legitimate sport.

New rules include heavyweight recognition; because knowledge of the spread spread, the difference in body weight has become a significant factor. There are nine different heavyweights in the Rules of Integrated Mixed Martial Arts. These nine heavyweights include flying classes (up to 125 pounds/56.7 kg), bantam grades (up to 135 kg/61.2 kg), feathers (up to 145 pounds/65.8 kg), light weight (up to 155 pounds/70.3 pounds Ã, kg), welterweight (up to 170 lbÃ,/77.1 kg), medium (up to 185 lbÃ,/83.9 kg), light weight class (up to 205 ÃÆ'Â ¢ l/93.0 kg) , heavyweight (up to 265 lbÃ,/120.2 Ã, kg), and a super weightless weight upper class.

Small gloves with open fingers are introduced to protect the fists, reduce the occurrence of injuries (and cessation of wounds) and encourage fighters to use their hands to attack to be more suitable. The gloves were first made mandatory in Shooto's Japanese promotions and later adopted by UFC as it evolved into a regulated sport. Most professional combats keep fighters wearing 4 oz gloves, while some jurisdictions require amateurs to wear heavier 6 oz gloves for better protection for hands and wrists.

The deadline is set to avoid long fights with small actions where competitors save their power. Indefinite match also makes viewing live. The deadline in most professional fights is three rounds of 5 minutes, and the championship bouts are usually five 5 minute rounds. A similar motivation produces a "stand" rule, in which the referee can hold the fighters if it is considered that the two are resting on the ground or not progressing to the dominant position.

In the US, state athletics and boxing commissions have played an important role in the introduction of additional rules because they oversee the MMA in a similar fashion to boxing. In Japan and most of Europe, there is no regulatory authority over the competition, so the organization has greater freedom in the development of rules and event structures.

Earlier, the Japan-based organization, Pride Fighting Championships held a 10-minute opening round followed by two five-minute rounds. Stomps, football kicks and knees to the grounded opponent's head are legal, but an elbow to head attack is not. This set of rules is more dominant in Asian-based organizations that conflict with European and American rules. Recently, the Singapore-based organization, ONE Championship, allowed football and knee kicks into the opponent's grounded head and elbow-to-head attacks, but did not allow the head to snap.

Victory

The victory in a match is usually obtained either by the judge's decision after the given amount of time has elapsed, the cessation by the referee (eg if the competitor can not defend himself intelligently) or the opponent's doctor (due to injury), the submission, by the competitor's cornerman throws the towel, or with the system fall.

Knockout (KO): as soon as a fighter can not continue due to an official strike, his opponent is declared the winner. Because MMA rules allow delivery and ground and pound, the fight is stopped to prevent further injury to the fighter.

Submission: a fighter can admit defeat during a match with:

• tap on the opponent's body or mat/floor
• oral submissions

Technical Delivery: the referee stops the match when the fighter is caught in the hold hatch and is in danger of being hurt. This can happen when a choking fighter is unconscious, or when the bone has been broken in the surrender stake (broken arm due to kimura, etc.)

Technical Knockout (TKO):

• Referee refusals: Referees can stop an ongoing match if:
  • a fighter becomes dominant to the point where the opponent can not intelligently defend himself and take excessive damage as a result
  • a fighter seems to lose consciousness when he is struck
  • a fighter seems to have significant injuries such as wounds or broken bones

Termination of Doctor/Cut: the referee will ask for an exit time if a fighting's ability to proceed is questioned as a result of a real injury, such as a major injury. The ring doctor will check the fighters and stop the match if the fighter is deemed unable to proceed safely, making the opponent a winner. However, if a match is terminated as a result of an injury from an illegal act by an opponent, either a disqualification or no contest will be issued instead.

Cutting corners: corner fighters can announce defeat in the name of a fighter by throwing a towel during a game or between rounds. This is usually done when a fighter is hit to the point where it is dangerous and does not need to continue. In some cases, the fighter may be injured.

Retirement: a fighter is so dazed or exhausted that he can not keep fighting physically. Usually occurs between rounds.

Decision: if the game runs distance, then the result of the fight is determined by three judges. Assessment criteria are organization specific.

Forfeit: a fighter or representative can cancel the match before the start of the game, losing the match.

Disqualification: "warning" will be given when a fighter performs a rotten or illegal action or does not follow referee's instructions. Three warnings will result in disqualification. In addition, if a fighter can not proceed due to a deliberate illegal technique of his opponent, the opponent will be disqualified.

No Contest: if both fighters are in breach of the rules, or the fighter can not continue due to injury from unintentional illegal techniques, the match will be declared as "No Contest", except in case of technical decisions in unified rules.

Technical decisions: in the MMA's integrated rules, if a fighter can not continue due to unintentional illegal techniques at the end of the fight, a technical decision is given by a judge based on who is in front on the judge's judgment card at that time. In a three-round battle, two rounds must be completed for technical decisions to be awarded and in a five-round battle, three rounds must be completed.

Combat ranking

MMA fighters are ranked according to the performance and outcome of the fight and the level of competition they face. The most popular and used ranking portals are:

• Fight Matrix: Print up to 250-500 fighters around the world for every possible division of men and women.
• Sherdog: Merank 10 big fighters around the world only for the UFC division available today. Also used by ESPN.
• SB Nation: The top rank of 14 fighters around the world for men's divisions only. Also used by USA Today.
• MMAjunkie.com: Top 10 global fighter ranking for UFC division available today.
• UFC: Occupying the top 15 contenders, UFC only signs the fighters, according to the UFC division. (Example: # 2 means fighter # 3 for UFC, behind Champion and # 1)
• Tapology: Merank 10 big fighters around the world for every possible division.
• Sports Illustrated: Merank 10 big fighters around the world for the UFC division available today.
• MMA Rising: Ranking the top 10 fighter worldwide in every possible division. Notable for their Integrated Woman Martial Arts. Rating
• MMA Weekly: Rank 10 male fighters around the world in every possible division, and P4P for female warriors. Also used by Yahoo! Sports.
• Whitening Report: Prints the top 10 UFC boxers in each division.
• Opponents! Magazine: Ranking the top 5 fighters and only in the men's division.
• MMA rating: Ranks among 20 male fighters around the world in each division as well as with promotions.
• Oddsshark.com: Rank 10 major fighter worldwide in the current UFC division.
• GroundandPound.de: Increases 10 European male fighters in all divisions.
• MMAViking: Rank 5 Scandinavian male fighters in all divisions and pounds of Scandinavian women for pounds.

Clothing

The promotion of mixed martial arts usually requires male fighters to wear shorts in addition to being barechested, thus blocking the use of gi or fighting kimono to inhibit or assist submission submissions. Male warriors are required by most athletic commissions to wear a groin protector under their suitcases. Women fighters wear shorts and sports bras or bosses that are equally fitting. Both male and female fighters are required to wear a protective mouth.

The necessity of flexibility in the legs combined with the durability prompted the creation of various brands of combat shorts, which then spawned a variety of mixed martial arts clothing and casual wear available to the public.

Battle area

According to the Integrated Martial Arts Combined Rules, an MMA competition or exhibition may be held in a ring or fenced area. Fenced areas can be round or at least have six sides. Cages vary: some replace metal fences with nets, others have different shapes of octagon, since the term "Octagon" is a trademark by UFC (although the 8-sided form itself is not trademarked). Fenced areas are generally called cages, or hexagons, octagonal or octagonal, depending on their shape.

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General Discipline

Most of the 'traditional' martial arts have a special focus and this art can be trained to improve in that area. Popular disciplines of each type include:

• Stand-up : Boxing, Kickboxing, Muay Thai, Karate, Taekwondo, Capoeira, Sambo Combat, Savate, and Wushu Sanshou are trained to enhance stand-ups.
• Clinch : Judo, Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, Jujutsu, Ninjutsu, Sambo, and Wushu Sanshou are trained to improve clinching, takedowns and throws, while Muay Thai is trained to enhance the striking aspect of the grip.
• Farms : Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Jujutsu, Sambo, Wrestling Captures, Luta Livre and submissive grappling are trained to improve control and ground position, as well as to gain surrender, and defend against them.

Most styles have been adapted from their traditional forms, such as horse boxing, which have no effective counters for kicking, Muay Thai stands, which are bad for defending against repeal because of their static nature, and Jiu-Jitsu or Judo or Brazilian techniques, for No Gi competition. It is common for a fighter to practice with several different style coaches or an organized battle team to improve various aspects of their game at once. Cardiovascular conditioning, speed training, strength training and flexibility are also important aspects of training fighters. Some schools advertise their style only as a "mixed martial art", which has become a separate style, but training will often be divided into sections.

While mixed martial arts were initially practiced almost exclusively by competitive fighters, this is no longer the case. Since sport has become more common and more taught, exercise is becoming more accessible to wider practitioners of all ages. Advocates of such training argue that it is safe for anyone, of all ages, with varying degrees of competitiveness and fitness.

Boxing

Boxing is a form of combat that is widely used in the MMA and is one of the main striking bases for many fighters. Boxing punches the accounts for most of the strikes during the standing part of the fight and also accounts for the largest number of significant strikes, knock-downs and knockouts in MMA matches. Some aspects of boxing are invaluable such as footwork, combination, and defense techniques such as slip, head and horse movements (including chin protections and keeping hands up) commonly known as Garda positions. Boxing-based fighters have also been shown to throw and land a higher strike number when compared to other striking bases, at 3.88 per minute with 9.64 per minute cast (compared with Muay Thai at 3.46 and 7, 50, respectively). Fighters known to use boxing include Cain Velasquez, Nick Diaz, Junior dos Santos, B.J. Penn, Dan Hardy, Shane Carwin, and Andrei Arlovski.

Muay Thai/Kickboxing

Boxing and kickboxing Muay Thai or Thai, along with boxing, are recognized as the basis for attacking mixed martial arts, and both are widely practiced and taught. Although both look identical, each has a different technique. Muay Thai comes from Thailand, and is known as the "art of eight limbs", which refers to the use of the feet, knees, elbows and fists. One of the main benefits of training in Muay Thai for MMA is its versatility. Techniques cover a long, mid, and short range with everything from kicks to reaching grips and throws. Meanwhile, kickboxing is a stand-up combat martial arts group based on kicking and punching. Modern style comes from Japan and developed from Karate and Muay Thai. Different regulatory bodies apply different rules, such as allowing the use of elbows, knees, clinching or throws, etc. Famous fighters who used Muay Thai included former UFC women's heavyweight champion Joanna Jedrzejczyk and former UFC champion Anderson Silva and JosÃÆ'Ã… © Aldo.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu

Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) and jujutsu (JJJ) became internationally renowned in the martial arts community in the early 1990s, when BJJ expert Royce Gracie won the First, Second and Four Fight Championships, which at that time was a single elimination. martial arts tournaments. Royce often fought against a much larger opponent who practiced other styles, including boxing, wrestling, shooting, karate, and taekwondo. It has since become a key art and key component for many MMA fighters. BJJ and jiu-jitsu are mostly credited for bringing widespread attention to the importance of ground combat. BJJ is primarily a ground-based fighting style that emphasizes the locks of joints and chokeholds, while jujutsu is a close-range combat method that uses various forms of grappling techniques such as throws, grips and combined locks. Since jiu-jitsu may also use short weapons, jujutsu can not be used maximally in mixed martial arts. Current fighters who are known for their BJJ skills include Ronaldo Souza, Demian Maia, FabrÃÆ'cio Werdum and Brian Ortega.

Judo

Using their knowledge of ne-waza/land grappling and tachi-waza/standing grappling, some judo practitioners also competed in mixed martial arts matches. Fighters holding black belts in judo include Fedor Emelianenko, Anderson Silva, Dong Hyun Kim, Cub Swanson, and Olympians Ronda Rousey, Hector Lombard and Rick Hawn and Hidehiko Yoshida. Former WEC world champion Paulo Filho has credited judo for his success in an interview.

Wrestling

Wrestling (including freestyle, Greco-Roman, and American folkstyle) gets tremendous respect for its effectiveness in mixed martial arts competitions. It is widely studied by mixed martial artists and is credited for providing an emphasis on conditioning for explosive movements and stamina, both of which are essential in competitive mixed martial arts. This is known for its excellent removal, especially against the feet. The leading wrestlers in MMA include Chael Sonnen, Randy Couture, Brock Lesnar, and Olympian Daniel Cormier and Dan Henderson.

Capture

The term not holding banned was originally used to describe the usual wrestling methods in capture wrestling tournaments during the late nineteenth century where no wrestlers were banned from competition, regardless of how dangerous they might be. The term is applied to mixed martial arts matches, especially in the advent of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

karate

Karate, especially Kyokushin and other complete contact styles, has proved effective in sport as it is one of the core foundations of kickboxing, and specializes in striking techniques. Various styles of karate are practiced by some MMA fighters, especially Chuck Liddell, Bas Rutten, Lyoto Machida, Stephen Thompson, John Makdessi, Uriah Hall, Ryan Jimmo, Georges St-Pierre, Kyoji Horiguchi, and Louis Gaudinot. Liddell is known to have a wide striking background in Kenp? with Fabio Martella while Lyoto Machida practicing Shotokan Ryu, and St-Pierre practicing Kyokushin.

Taekwondo

Some experienced MMA fighters have a wide background in taekwondo. Some fighters using taekwondo techniques at MMA are former UFC lightweight champion and WEC lightweight champion Anthony Pettis, who is the third and third black belt and instructor, and former UFC middle class Anderson Silva, the 5th and blackest belt and still competing in Taekwondo.

In his instruction book, Anderson Silva acknowledged the influence of taekwondo in the formation of his unique style. In each of my fights, I try to use the techniques of all the styles I've learned. I threw a taekwondo kick. I threw Muay Thai knees and elbows, and I used my knowledge of Brazilian jiu-jitsu on the ground. Anthony Pettis also stated that he was a traditional first martial artist and a second mixed martial artist <./i>, also his attacking style is different due to his taekwayaya.

Capoeira

Capoeira has been incorporated into the MMA in recent years and is often used in addition to the Brazilian jiu-jitsu; both are from Brazil. Some fighters use this martial art when fighting, though not completely, because music and dance are the main components of the discipline. Conor McGregor and JosÃÆ'Ã… © Aldo are one of the fighters who helped Capoeira get such attention. It is known for its fast and complex maneuverability, which uses strength, speed and influence across a wide range of kicks, turns, and techniques.

Wushu Sanshou/Sanda

Wushu Sanshou and other Chinese martial arts have also been used in MMA. They can be very effective in competition because of their striking mix and takedowns, achieved through condensation of traditional Chinese martial arts techniques. The most prominent and prominent among these fighters was Cung Le, who was most prominent for his TKO and KO victories over former UFC champion Frank Shamrock (in Strikeforce) and Rich Franklin (at UFC Macau). Other Wushu Sanshou-based fighters who have entered MMA include KJ Noons, Pat Barry, Zhang Tiequan and Muslim Salihov.

src: www.martialartsmasters.org

Strategy

Techniques used in mixed martial arts competitions are generally divided into two categories: striking techniques (such as kicks, knees, punches and elbows) and grappling techniques (such as holding hold, holding pinning, holding surrender, sweeping, takedown and throwing).

Today, mixed martial artists have to cross the train in various styles to fight their opponent's strength and remain effective in all battle stages.

Sprawl-and-Brawl

Sprawl-and-Brawl is a stand-up fighting tactic consisting of effective stand-up attacks, while avoiding ground combat, usually by using sprawls to defend themselves from takedown.

Sprawl-and-Brawler are usually boxers or kickboxers, Thai boxers or karate fighters who have been trained in a variety of wrestling, judo, and/or sambo styles to avoid removal to defend the fight. It is a form that is heavily practiced in amateur leagues.

These fighters will often learn wrestling submissions to avoid being forced to surrender if they find themselves on the ground. This style can be very different from traditional kickboxing styles, since sprawl-and-fighter must adapt their techniques to incorporate takedown and ground defense fighting. Some notable examples are Igor Vovchanchyn, Mirko Filipovi ?, Chuck Liddell, Mark Hunt, and more recently Junior dos Santos, Andrei Arlovski. and Joanna Jedrzejczyk.

​​Ground-and-pound

Ground-and-pound is a strategy that consists of taking your opponent to the ground using removal or throwing, getting top position, or dominant wrestling, and then attacking opponents, especially with boxing, hammers, and elbows. Soil-and-pounds are also used as precursors to try to hold submissions.

This style is used by experienced warriors in defense submissions and skilled at takedowns. They make resistance to the ground, defend the grappling position, and attack until their opponent gives up or is knocked out. Although not a striking traditional style, the effectiveness and reliability of ground-and-pound has made it a popular tactic. It was first shown as an effective technique by Mark Coleman, later popularized by fighters such as Chael Sonnen, Don Frye, Frank Trigg, Jon Jones, Congo Cheick, Mark Kerr, Frank Shamrock, Tito Ortiz, Matt Hughes and Chris Weidman.

While most fighters use ground-and-pound statically, by holding their opponents and persecuting them with short strikes from the top positions, some fighters successfully use them dynamically by attacking their opponents while switching positions, thus not allowing their opponents to complete after they lowered it. Cain Velasquez is one of the most powerful strikers in MMA and is known for constantly attacking his opponents on the field while transitioning between positions. Fedor Emelianenko, considered one of the greatest land and pound masters in MMA history, was the first to demonstrate this dynamic style in transition. He attacks his opponents on the ground as he passes the guard, or when his opponents try to restore guard.

In 2000, MMA play-by-play commentator Stephen Quadros coined the popular term lay and pray . This refers to a situation in which a wrestler or handker keeps another fighter pinned or controlled on a mat to avoid standing, but shows little urgency to solve a grounded opponent by knockout or surrender for the majority or overall fight. The implication of "layman and prayer" is that after the wrestler takes the assailant down and "lays" on him to neutralize the opponent's weapon, he 'prayed that the referee did not return them to a standing position. This style is considered by many fans as the most boring and highly criticized fight style for deliberately creating non-action, but it is effective. Some argue that 'lay-and-pray' is justified and that it is the responsibility of fallen fighters to be able to protect themselves from this legitimate fighting technique. Many consider the style of Jon Fitch to symbolize 'lying down and praying'. UFC welterweight champion Georges St-Pierre has been criticized by fans for playing safe and applying lay tactics and praying in his fights, such as MMA Welterweight Bellator champion Ben Askren, who confirmed the tactics, explaining that the championship fight is much more difficult like five long rounds, with three ordinary ones.

Submission-Seeking

Submission-Seeking is a reference to the strategy of taking your opponent to the ground using removal or throwing and then applying the submission, forcing the opponent to submit. While the grapplers often work to achieve dominant positions, some may be more comfortable fighting than other positions. If a grappler finds themselves incapable of forcing a retraction, they can use pull guards , where they physically pull their opponents into dominant positions on the ground.

Posts are an important part of many disciplines, especially Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, capturing wrestling, judo, Sambo, and shooting wrestling. The submission-based style was popularized at the start of the UFC event by Royce Gracie and Ken Shamrock, and was a dominant tactic at the start of the UFC. Modern proponents of the search-seeking style, such as Demian Maia and Ronaldo Souza, tend to come from a Brazilian background of Jiu-Jitsu.

Score-oriented fight

Mainly used by fighters with a strong wrestling background when faced with highly skilled grappler players, or by wrestlers who prefer direct combat. Usually the fighters who adopt this strategy use removal only to score goals, allowing the enemy to stand up and continue the fight. They also wanted to land a clear strike and control the octagon. To win a battle with a decision, all score-oriented fighter must have strong defense techniques and avoid takedowns.

Clinch-Fighting

Clinch-Fighting is a tactic that consists of using a grip to prevent the opponent from moving further distances, while trying to drop and attack the opponent using knees, stomps, elbows, and punches. This victory is often used by wrestlers and Judokas who have added flashy game components (usually boxing), and Muay Thai fighters.

Wrestlers and Judoka can use fierce fighting as a way to neutralize the superior attacking ability of upright fighters or to prevent takedowns by superior ground fighters. Ronda Rousey, with his Judo background, is considered an expert in starting the throw from the clinch to set the armbars.

The clinch or "plum" of a Muay Thai fighter is often used to improve knee and elbow accuracy by physically controlling the opponent's position. Anderson Silva is famous for his success in seizing Muay Thai. He defeated UFC weight champion Rich Franklin, using Muay Thai and kneeling Franklin repeatedly to his body and face - breaking Franklin's nose. In their rematch, Silva repeats this and wins again.

Other fighters can use the clinch to push their opponents against cages or ropes, where they can effectively control their opponent's movements and limit mobility when attacking them with a blow to the body or stomps also known as dirty boxing "Wall and Maul". Randy Couture used Greco Roman wrestling background to popularize this style on the way to six ruling titles in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

In general, fighters who can not win the battle through a lightning attack, or are more suited to win the battle in the next round or through a decision commonly known as a grinder. Grinders aim to close their opponent's game plan and get rid of them through clinching, smothering and ground-and-pound for most of the round. Examples of outstanding grinders are Pat Healy, Rampage Jackson, and Chael Sonnen.

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Mixed female mixed arts

While mixed martial arts are predominantly male-dominated sports, it does have female athletes. The women's competition in Japan includes promotions like Valkyrie which are all women, and JEWELS (formerly known as Smackgirl). But historically there are only a few major professional mixed martial arts organizations in the United States that invite women to compete. Among them are Strikeforce, Bellator Fighting Championships, all female Invicta Fighting Championships, and EliteXC are now dead.

There has been a growing awareness of women in mixed martial arts because of popular fighters and female characters such as Megumi Fujii, Miesha Tate, Cristiane "Cyborg" Santos, Ronda Rousey, Joanna J? Drzejczyk, Holly Holm, and Gina Carano. Carano is known as the "face of the female MMA" after appearing on a number of EliteXC events. This was reinforced by her performance at MGM Television in 2008 to revive their game show American Gladiators.

History

In Japan, women's competition has been documented since the mid-1990s. Influenced by professional wrestling and female kickboxing, the Smackgirl competition was formed in 2001 and became the sole major promotion of women in mixed martial arts. Other previously successful Japanese women's organizations include Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling, ReMix (predecessor for Smackgirl), U-Top Tournament, K-Grace, and AX.

Apart from all the women's organizations, most of the Japanese-dominated male promotions have organized certain women's competitions. These include DEEP, MARS, Gladiator, HEAT, Cage Force, K-1, Sengoku, Shooto (under the name G-Shooto), and Pancrase (by the name of Pancrase Athena).

In the United States, before the success of The Ultimate Fighter reality show that launched mixed martial arts into the mainstream media, there was no major coverage of the women's competition. Some of the earliest organizations that invited women to compete include the International Battle Championships, SuperBrawl, King of Cages, Anger at the Cage, Combat Ring, Rutten Invitational Base, and HOOKnSHOOT. From the mid-2000s, more coverage emerged when organizations like Strikeforce, EliteXC, Bellator Fighting Championships, and Shark Fights invited women to compete.

Outside Japan and the United States, female competition is almost exclusively found in small local promotions. However, in Europe several large organizations have organized certain women's competitions, including It's Showtime, Shooto Europe, Cage Warriors, and M-1 Global.

After Zuffa acquired Strikeforce in March 2011, UFC began promoting fights of women, with Ronda Rousey quickly becoming one of the most exciting promotions.

The controversy arose in 2013, when the CFA fighter (Championship Fighting Alliance) Fallon Fox came out as a transgender woman. The case is central to the debate over whether it is fair to have a transgender woman compete with a female cisgender in contact sports. Both UFC and Invicta FC say they will allow him to fight, and UFC Bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey says he will not fight him.

src: s.newsweek.com

Amateur mixed martial arts

Amateur Mixed Martial Arts is an amateur version of Mixed Martial Arts where participants are involved mostly or entirely without rewards. Under the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation (IMMAF) and the World MMA Association (WMMAA), it is practiced in a safe and orderly environment that relies on fair and objective appraisal systems and competition procedures similar to those applicable to the Professional Mixed Martial Arts. rules. Amateur MMA is practiced with board shorts and with approved protective equipment that includes a shin guard, and amateur MMA gloves.

The Federation of Martial Arts Mixed International and the World Mixed Martial Arts Association announced the merger on April 11, 2018, bringing together two organizations behind a bid for recognition of the Olympic sport.

Mixed World Martial Arts Association

The World Mixed Martial Arts Association (W

Source of the article : Wikipedia