Spanish grammar is a grammar of Spanish ( espaÃÆ' Â ± ol ), which is a Roman language originating from northern central Spain and spoken today throughout Spain, about two twenty countries in America, and Equatorial Guinea.
Spanish is an inflection language. The verb is potentially marked for tension, aspect, mood, person, and number (generating about fifty forms of conjugation per verb). The noun forms a two gender system and is marked for a number. The pronoun can be transmitted to people, numbers, gender (including neutral residuals), and cases, although the Spanish pronominal system represents the simplification of the ancestral Latin system.
Spain was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammatical treatise, GramÃÆ'¡tica de la lengua castellana , written in 1492 by Andalusian philologist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Queen Isabella of Castile in Salamanca.
The Real Academia Espaà ± a (RAE, the Royal Spanish Academy) has traditionally dictated the Spanish normative rules, as well as its orthography.
The formal distinction between the Peninsula and Spanish America is very small, and one who has studied dialects from one area in general would have no difficulty using formal speech in other fields; However, the pronunciation varies, as well as the grammar and vocabulary.
Recently published comprehensive English reference grammars in English include DeBruyne (1996), Butt & amp; Benjamin (2011), and Batchelor & amp; San Josà ©  © (2010).
Video Spanish grammar
Verba
Each Spanish verb belongs to one of three form classes, characterized by infinitive endings: -ar , -er , or -ir - sometimes called the first, second, and third conjunctions, respectively.
A Spanish verb has nine indicative forms with direct English that are more or less the same: current ('I walk'), preterite ('I walk'), imperfect ('I am walking' or 'I used to walk' ), which is now perfect ('I have walked'), perfect past - also called pluperfect ('I have walked'), future ('I will walk'), perfect future ('I will walk'), simple conditional ('I will run') and perfectly conditional ('I will walk').
In most dialects, each sentence has six potential forms, varying for first, second, or third person and for singular or plural numbers. In the second person, Spain maintains the so-called "T-V distinction" between familiar and formal addressing means. The second formal pronoun ( usted , ustedes ) takes the form of a third person verb.
The second person known plural is expressed in most of Spain with pronouns vosotros and characteristic verb forms (eg comÃÆ' Â © is 'you [pl.] Eat'), while in Latin American Spanish merges with a formal second-person plural (eg ustedes comen ). Thus ustedes is used both as a formal and familial second person pronoun in Latin America.
In many areas of Latin America (especially Central and South America in the south), the latter pronoun is replaced by vos , which often requires its own characteristic verbs. form, especially in the current indication, where the edges are -ÃÆ'¡s , -ÃÆ' Â © s , and -ÃÆ's for -ar , -er , -ir verbs, respectively. See "voseo".
In the paradigm table below, subject pronoun (optional) appears in parentheses.
Current indication
Indicative is currently used to state actions or circumstances in the current time frame. As an example:
- Yo soybeans alto (me i high).
- Ella canta sings at the club).
- Todos nosotros vivimos id un submarino amarillo (We are all live on the yellow submarine).
- Child las diez y media ([This] is ten thirty).
Past tenses
Spanish has a number of verbs used to express actions or circumstances in the past. The two "simple" in form (formed with one word, rather than being a compound verb) are preterite and imperfect.
Preterite
Preterite is used to express actions or events that occurred in the past, and which is instantaneous or seen as done. As an example:
- Ella se muriÃÆ'³ ayer (He died yesterday)
- Pablo apagÃÆ'³ las luces (Pablo turns off the light)
- Yo me comÃÆ' el arroz (I eat rice)
- Te cortaste el pelo (you cut your hair)
Note that (1) for the verbs -ar and -ir (but not -er ), the plural of the first person is the same as that of current indication; and (2) the -er and -ir verbs share the same final series.
Not perfect or "copretÃÆ' Â © rito"
The imperfect expresses the action or condition that is seen as being in progress in the past. As an example:
- Yo era cÃÆ'³mico en el pasado (I am very funny in the past)
- Usted comÃÆ'a mucho (you eat a lot - literally, this phrase says "You often eat a lot", saying that in the past, the person in question had the characteristics of "eating a lot")
- Ellos escuchaban la radio (They listen to the radio)
The above three sentences illustrate the "non-instantaneous" action that is presumed to continue in the past. The characteristics in the first sentence and the second in action are ongoing events, not instant events. In the third sentence, the speaker focuses on the ongoing action, not at the beginning or the end.
Notice that (1) for all inner verbs that are not perfect, the first and third persons share the same form; and (2) the -er and -ir verbs share the same final series.
Using preterite and imperfect together
Preterite and imperfect can be combined in the same sentence to state the occurrence of an event in a clause during an action or a condition expressed in another clause. As an example:
- Ellos escuchaban la radio cuando oyeron un ruido afuera. (They listen to the radio when they hear a sound outside.)
- Yo estaba en mi cuarto cuando usted entrÃÆ'³. (I'm in my room when you log in.)
- Era un dÃÆ'a muy tranquilo cuando eso pasÃÆ'³. (It was a very peaceful day when it happened.)
In all three cases, the completed events or actions interfere with the ongoing state or action. For example, in the second sentence, the speaker declares that he is in his room (expressed through imperfections to reflect ongoing or unfinished circumstances) when others "interrupt" the state by entering (expressed through preterite to suggest actions already done).
Progressive and incompletely progressive presentation
The present and the progressively incomplete are both used to express progressive actions that are taking place in the present and the past, respectively. As an example:
- Estoy haciendo mi tarea . (I do my homework)
- Estamos estudiando . (We are studying)
- Estaba escuchando la radio . (I'm listening to the radio)
- ÃÆ' â € ° l estaba limpiando su cuarto . (He was cleaning his room)
The current progressive form is formed by first conjuring the verb estar or seguir , depending on the context, on the subject, and then attaching the gerund of the following verb. Progressive (incomplete) pastes only require an omen or seguir to be conjugated, depending on the context, in imperfection, with respect to the subject.
Creating gerunds
To form the gerund of the verb -ar , replace -ar infinitif with -ando ; such as jugar , hablar , caminar -> jugando , hablando , caminando For -er or -person work , replace -er or -ir ends with -iendo ; such as migrants , escribir , dormir -> comiendo , escribiendo , durmiendo (note that dormir has a vocal change of the trunk that is typical of the verb -ir ). In an -er verb ending with a vowel, i from the end -iendo is replaced by y : for example < I> leer , traer , creer -> leyendo , trayendo , creyendo In a -ir verb ending with e - such as reÃÆ'r and sonreÃÆ'r - the stem vowel < i> e is upgraded to i (like a typical verb -ir ), and this i integrates with > i from end -iendo ; eg re , freÃÆ'r -> riendo , friendo .
Subjunctive
Verb subtasks are used to express certain connotations in sentences such as desire or desire, request, emotion, uncertainty, or doubt.
Present subjunctive
Usually, the verb will be conjugated in the current indication to indicate an event in the current time frame.
- Yo soybeans muy ambicioso (I am am very ambitious)
- Marta trae la comida (Marta carry food)
If the phrase expresses desire, demand, or emotion, or something similar, in the present form of time, subjunctive is used.
- Quiero que ocean muy ambicioso (I want you to be very ambitious - literally, I want that you are very ambitious)
- Me alegro de que Marta traiga la comida (I am glad that Marta carries food)
- Es una lÃÆ'¡stima que llegues tarde (It's a shame that you arrive late )
The subjunctive is also used to convey doubt, rejection, or uncertainty.
- Busco un amigo que laut simpÃÆ'¡tico (I'm looking for a friend to be liked or I'm looking for a friend I love)
- There are no automatic trains escriba . (No author wrote that.)
- Es posible que ella sepa mucho (Maybe he knows a lot.)
- No parece que tengan mucho dinero (It seems they do not have much money.)
In the first two examples, a friend who is ideally pleasing has not been found and remains uncertain, and the "writing author" is unknown. The third, possibly not a certainty, but a conjecture, and the latter expressing a clear doubt. Thus, subjunctive is used. Some phrases and verbs that require a sentence to have a subjunctive formation include:
- Dudar, negar, esperar, alegrarse de, temer, sentir, pedir, aconsejar, exigir, desear, querer, mandar
- Ice necesario que, conviene que, no parece que, que dudoso, possibly que, que que, que que, parece mentira que
Some phrases that need indicative instead, as they reveal certainty, including:
- It is true that, it is clear that, it is certain that, it seems, it is proven that, I believe that
To form the first subjunctive, first take the unique single person verb form ('yo') of the verb. For example, the verb hablar, immigrants, and vivir (To speak, eat, live) -> Yo hablo, yo como, yo vivo. Then, replace the end of 'o' with the "opposite edge". This is done in the following way: if the verb is a verb -er or -ir like a comer, poder, vivir, or compartir, replace the end 'o' with 'a' i.e.: Yo como; yo puedo; yo vivo -> Koma Yo; yo pueda; yo viva. If the verb is a verb -ar like hablar or caminar replaces the end of 'o' with 'e' i.e.: Yo hablo; yo camino -> Yo hable, yo camine. This forms the first conjunction of people. Other conjugations work together, as follows:
- Yo -> Yo hable; yo coma; yo viva
- TÃÆ'º -> TÃÆ'º Horses; tÃÆ'º comas; tÃÆ'º vivas
- ÃÆ'â € l/Ella/Usted -> ÃÆ' â € ° l habel; ÃÆ' Â © l comma; ÃÆ' Â © l viva
- Nosotros -> Nosotros hablemos; nosotros comamos; nosotros vivamos
- Vosotros -> Vosotros hablÃÆ' Â © is; vosotros comÃÆ'¡is; vosotros vivÃÆ'¡is
- Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -> ellos hablen; ellos coman; ellos vivan
Since the following forms of vos from vosotros will be expected (and used in Central America) Vos hablà © s; vos comÃÆ'¡s; vos escribÃÆ'¡s
However, the Royal Spanish Academy, following the use of Argentina, recommended the use of the tÃÆ'º form:
- Vos -> Vos hables; vos comas; vos escribas
Subtitle is not perfect
Currently, two forms of imperfect subjunctive are mostly interchangeable. * The form "-se" derives (as in most Roman languages) from the subjunctive Latin pluperfect, while the "-ra" form is derived from the pluperfect Latin plain. The use of one or the other is largely a matter of personal taste and dialect. Many use only the -ra form in the greeting, but differ between them in writing. Many can spontaneously use both, or even prefer a more rare form -se . Incomplete subtitles are formed for the same reason as the current subjunctive, but are used for other forms and durations.
Maps Spanish grammar
Nouns
In Spanish, as in other Roman languages, all nouns are one of two sexes, "masculine" or "feminine," and many adjectives change their shape to agree with gender with the nouns they modify. For most nouns that refer to people, the grammatical sex corresponds to biological sex.
Adjective
Spanish generally uses adjectives in a manner similar to English and most other Indo-European languages. However, there are three main differences between English and Spanish adjectives.
- In Spain, the adjectives usually go after the nouns they modify. The exception is when the writer/speaker is a bit assertive, or even poetic, about the particular quality of an object (rather than the usual use of quality to specify a particular object they mean).
- Mi casa roja can mean that there are many red houses in the world but I would like to talk about one that I happen to have, or that I own many houses but I am referring to the red ones. Mi casa roja = My house, which is red.
- Mi roja casa means that I emphasize how red my house (probably the only house I have). Mi roja casa = My house, which is clearly red.
- In Spanish, adjectives correspond to what they call both in terms of numbers (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine). For example, taza (cup) is feminine, so "red cup" is la taza roj a , but vaso (glass) is masculine, so "red glass" is el vaso roj o .
- In Spain, it is perfectly normal to allow adjectives to stand for nouns or pronouns - with (where people are involved) there is no implication of condescension or irreverence. For example, los altos means "high" or "tall man". El grande means "big one" or "big guy".
Determiner
Spain uses a determinator in a similar way to English. The main difference is that they infect both numbers (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine). Common determinants include el ("the"), un ("a"), este ("this"), mucho ("many, many"), alguno ("multiple"), and so on.
Pronouns
Spanish pronouns belong to the same broad categories as English pronouns: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, and possessive. The pronouns of persons who vary in form according to whether they represent first, second, or third grammatical persons-including different forms of second persons differ not only by number (singular or plural) but also according to the formalities or social relations between speakers. In addition, this second person's shape varies according to geographic area. Because the conjugated verb forms reflect the person and the number of subjects, subject pronouns are usually omitted, except where they feel the need for emphasis or disambiguation.
Adverbs
Spanish adverbs work like their English counterparts, e.g. muy ("very"), poco ("little"), lejos ("remote"), mucho ("many, many"), casi ("almost"), etc. To form an adverb from adjectives, the adverbial ending is usually added to a single feminine adjective, whether or not different from the single masculine. Thereby:
- claro ("clear", m. sg.) -> clara (f. sg.) -> claramente ("clear")
- rÃÆ'¡pido ("fast, fast", sg.) -> rÃÆ'¡pida (f. sg.) -> rÃÆ'¡ pidamente ("fast, fast, fast")
- natural ("natural", m. & sg.) -> naturalmente ("natural")
- triste ("sad", m. & amp; sg.) -> tristemente ("sad")
- audaz ("bold", m. & amp; sg.) -> audazmente ("brave")
The adjectives of bueno and malo ("bad") have irregular adverbial forms: bien ("good") and < i> mal ("bad"), respectively.
As in English, some adverbs are identical to their peers. So words like temprano ("early"), lento ("slow"), and hondo ("in") can also mean "early" (as in English, as in "He arrived early") "slowly", and "in", respectively.
In a sequence of sequential annotations each ending in -mente itself, -mente is dropped from all but the last, and the other is abandoned as if they were an inner adjective a single feminine form. Thereby:
- rÃÆ'¡pida y fÃÆ'¡cilmente = "quickly and easily"
- lenta, cuidosa, y duchamente = "slow, cautious, and skillful"
- partial completamente = "part or all"
There are also various adverbial phrases in Spanish, such as a menudo ("often"), en todas partes ("everywhere"), de repente ("sudden"), fin ("finally"), and sin embargo ("however,").
Like adjectives, adverb rewards are almost always established by placing mÃÆ'¡s ("more") or menos ("less") before the adverb. Thus mÃÆ'¡s temprano ("previous"), mÃÆ'¡s rÃÆ'¡pidamente ("faster, faster, faster"), menos interesantemente ("less interesting"), etc. Superlatives are formed by placing neutral articles before comparative, although they are usually used with additional qualifying phrases such as que puedas ("that you can") or de todos ("of all"): lo mÃÆ'¡s rÃÆ'¡pidamente que puedas ("as fast as you can", lit. "the fastest you can"), lo mÃÆ'¡ s interesantemente de todos ("the most interesting of all"), lo menos claramente de ellos ("least clear of them"), etc. Just as the corresponding adjective forms, bien ("good") and mal ("bad") have irregularly comparable forms ( mejor ("better") and peor ("worse"), respectively), and mÃÆ'¡s and menos are comparative from < i> mucho ("many, many") and poco ("few"), respectively.
Preposition
Spanish has a relatively large number of prepositions, and does not use postposition. The following list is traditionally quoted:
A, before, below, match, with, against, from, in, in, between, the, over, without, so, around, after.
Recently, two new prepositions have been added: "durante" and "mediante", usually placed at the end to maintain the list (which is usually studied by Spanish students).
This list includes two ancient prepositions ( so and chilli ), but leaves two new Latinisms ( vÃÆ'a and pro ) as well as a large number of very important compound prepositions.
Spanish prepositions do not change the meaning of verbs as they do in English. For example, to translate "run out of water", "run the bill", "run to pedestrian", and "run in thieves" to Spain requires a completely different verb, and not just the use of "correr" plus a corresponding Spanish preposition. This is more due to the English phrasal verb character than the inherent function of the Spanish verb or preposition.
Conjunction
Spanish Conjunctions y ('and') and o ('or') change their form in spoken and written language into e and > u each when followed by an identical vowel sound. So, padre e hijo ('father and son'), Fernando e Isabel ('Ferdinand and Isabella' ), sujeto u objeto ('subject or object'), vertical u horizontal ('vertical or horizontal' ).
Changes do not occur before (h) i of diftong, as in acero y hierro ('steel and iron'). Also it has nothing to do with the beginning of a question (where it works to introduce or reintroduce the name as a topic, rather than linking one element to another), as in the Ã,¿ Y InÃÆ'Â © s? ('What about Inae?').
When the conjunction o appears between the numbers, it is usually spelled with an accent ( ÃÆ'³ ), to distinguish it from zero (0); thus, 2 ÃÆ'³ 3 ('2 or 3') is different from 203 ('two hundred three').
Syntax and syntactic variations
Order constituent
The un-marked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is subject-verb-object (SVO); however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is more varied, with topicization and focus being the main factor in the selection of a particular sequence. Verb-subject-object (VSO), verb-object-subject (VOS), and object-verb-subject (OVS) are also relatively common, while other orders are very unusual beyond poetry.
So, to just say, "My friend wrote the book", people will say (SVO):
- Mi amigo escribiÃÆ'³ el libro
Although bare VSOs and VOSs are somewhat rare in declarative independent clauses, they are quite common in sentences where something other than a subject or object directly serves as a focus. As an example:
- Hace pocos aÃÆ' Â ± os escribiÃÆ'³ mi amigo un libro or Hace pocos aÃÆ' Â ± os escribiÃÆ'³ un libro mi amigo = "A few years ago, my friend wrote the book "
- Ayer vio mi madre a mi amigo y le preguntÃÆ'³ por su libro or Ayer vio a mi amigo mi madre y le preguntÃÆ'³ por su libro = "Yesterday, my mom saw my friend and asked about his book "
In many dependent clauses, the verb is placed before the subject (and thus often VSO or VOS) to avoid placing the verb in the final position:
- Este es el libro que escribiÃÆ'³ mi amigo , but rarely Este es el libro que mi amigo escribiÃÆ'³ = "This book which my friend wrote "
Sentences where the direct object is the topic or "theme" (old information), while the subject is part of the comment, or "rheme" (new information), often assuming the OVS command. In this case the direct object noun phrase is equipped with an appropriate direct object pronoun; as an example:
- El libro lo escribiÃÆ'³ mi amigo
Because subject pronouns are often dropped, one will often see sentences with verbs and direct objects but no subject is stated explicitly.
In question, regular VSO (though not mandatory):
- Ã,¿EscribiÃÆ'³ mi amigo el libro? = "Did my friend write the book?"
Yes/no question, regardless of the constituent order, is generally distinguished from declarative sentences by context and intonation.
Blockage sentence
The cleft is one that is formed with a popular verb (generally with an artificial pronoun like "that" as its subject), plus a word that "cuts off" a sentence, plus a subordinate clause. They are often used to emphasize on the part of the sentence. Here are some examples of English sentences and slit versions:
- "I did it." -> "It's me doing it" or colloquial "That's me doing it."
- "You will stop smoking through your determination." -> "It is through a determination that you will stop smoking."
Spanish does not usually use such structures in simple sentences. Translation sentences such as these can be easily analyzed as normal sentences containing relative pronouns. Spain is able to express such concepts without special gap structures due to flexible word order.
For example, if we translate a phrase like "That Juan loses the key", we get Fue Juan el que perdiÃÆ'³ las llaves. While the English sentence uses a special structure, Spanish does not. The verb fue does not have an artificial subject, and the pronoun el que is not a cleaver but the nominalising pronoun means "the [male] one that". Provided that we appreciate the arrangement of "el que" and "las llaves", we can play in word order of the Spanish sentence without affecting its structure - although each permutation will, to native speakers, give a slightly different emphasis on emphasis.
For example, we can say Juan fue el que perdiÃÆ'³ las llaves ("Juan is the one who lost the key") or El que perdiÃÆ'³ las llaves fue Juan ("the lost key is Juan "). As can be seen from the translation, if this wording is selected, English stops using the gap structure (no longer the word "it" and the nominal relatives are used instead of the splitting word) while in Spain no word has changed.
Here are some examples of such sentences:
- Fue Juan el que perdiÃÆ'³ las llaves = "It was John who lost the key"
- Child sÃÆ'³lo tres dÃÆ'as los que te quedan = "Only three days left"
- SerÃÆ' Â © yo quien se lo diga = "I will let him know"
- Son pocos los que vienen y se quedan = lit. "There are some who come and stay"
Note that it is not tempting to try to use only que to cut a sentence as in English, but using quien in singular or quienes in plural form is grammatical.
- * Fue Juan que perdiÃÆ'³ las llaves (wrong)
- Fue Juan quien perdiÃÆ'³ las llaves (true)
When the next word comes into play, things get complicated. The structure clearly can not be identified as a slit sentence is used. The verb ser introduces the suppressed element and then there is the nominalizer. Both of these are preceded by the relevant first word. As an example:
- Fue a mÃÆ' a quien le dio permiso = "I am the one he licenses", lit. "That's for me to whom he gave permission"
- Es the nosotros the quienes se hizo esto = "This is us for whom it was made", lit. "This is for us for whom it was made"
- Es por eso por lo que lo hice = "That's why I do it", more literally: "That's why I do it," or entirely literally: " That's because it's what I do that "
- Es asÃÆ' como se debe hacer = "That's what to do", lit. "Here's how it works" ( como replaces a longer expression like la forma en que )
This structure is fairly long-winded, and is therefore often avoided by not using a chipped sentence at all. Emphasis is conveyed only in word order and emphasized by voice (shown here in bold):
- I am dio permiso a mÃÆ' = "He gave my permission "
- Se hizo esto the nosotros = "This is done for us "
- Por eso lo hice = "I did it because it "
- Se debe hacer asÃÆ' = "This must be done by this "
In plain language, complex pronouns are often reduced to que , as it is reduced to "it" in English. Foreign students are advised to avoid this.
- Ice para nosotros que se hizo esto
- Es por eso que lo hice
- Fue a mÃÆ' que le dio permiso (preferably: a quien )
- Es asÃÆ' que se debe hacer (preferably: como )
In singular form, subordinate clauses may agree with relative pronouns or with the subject of the main sentence, although the latter is rarely used. However, in the plural, only agreement with the subject of the main sentence is acceptable. Therefore:
- Singular
- Yo fui el que I lo bebÃÆ' = "I am the one who drank it" (consent with the subject of the main sentence)
- Yo fui el que se lo bebiÃÆ'³ (the preferred form with the same meaning, agreement with el que )
- La que lo sÃÆ' Â © soy yo = "I'm the one who knows" (consent with the subject of the main sentence)
- La que lo sabe yo soybeans = (the preferred form with the same meaning, agreement with la que )
- Plural
- Somos los ÃÆ'ºnicos que no tenemos ni un centavo the apostar = "We are the only ones who do not even have a cent to bet "(the agreement with the subject of the main sentence) (from the Gabriel GarcÃÆ'a MÃÆ'¡rquez novel dialogue El coronel no tiene quien le escriba )
- Vosotras sois las que lo sabÃÆ' Â © is = "You are the one who knows" (agreement with the subject of the main sentence)
- TÃÆ'º quieres
- Vos querÃÆ' Â © is (originally queredes )
- Vuestra merced quiere (today usted )
- Vosotros hablÃÆ'¡is - vos hablÃÆ'¡s
- Vosotros tenÃÆ'Â © is - vos tenÃÆ'Â © s
- Vosotros sois - vos sos
- Vosotros vivÃÆ's - vos vivÃÆ's
- Vosotros oÃÆ's - vos oÃÆ's
- Vosotros huÃÆ's - vos huÃÆ's
- Tened (vosotros) - tenÃÆ'Â © (vos)
- Father (vosotros) - da (vos)
- Andad - andÃÆ'¡
- Que vosotros digÃÆ'¡is - que vos digÃÆ'¡s
- What you say - say to yourself
- Ã,¡Venir! instead of Ã,¡Venid!
- Ã,¡Callaros! instead of Ã,¡Callaos! ( Ã,¡Callarse! in multiple dialects)
- Ã,¡Iros! or Ã,¡Marcharos! instead of Ã,¡Idos!
- LeÃÆ'smo : Le miraron (They saw him/her). Normal : lo miraron or miraron depending on the gender of the object.
- LaÃÆ'smo : La dijeron que se callara (They told him to be quiet). Normative : Le dijeron que se callara . The person who is being told something is an indirect object in Spanish, and the surrogate pronoun is the same for both sexes.
- LoÃÆ'smo : Lo dijeron que se callara (They told him to be silent). Normative : Le dijeron que se callara . See above.
Dialect variations
Forms address
The use of usted and ustedes as a polite form of address is universal. However, there are variations in informal addresses. Ustedes replaces vosotros in most of Andalusia, the Canary Islands and Latin America, except in liturgical or poetic style. In some parts of Andalusia, pronouns ustedes are used with the standard vosotros ends.
Depending on the region, Latin Americans may also substitute single tÃÆ'º with usted or vos . The choice of pronouns is a complex issue and can even vary from village to village. Tourists are often advised to play it safely and call everyone usted .
The feature of the Dominican Republic's speech and the other field in which the last syllable/s/is completely silent is that there is no audible difference between the second and third singular forms of the verb. This results in excessive use of pronouns, for example, tagging on Ã,¿tÃÆ'º ves? (pronounced tuvÃÆ' Â © ) to the end of the sentence, where another speaker will say Ã,¿ves? .
Voseo
Vos is used in medieval Castile as a polite form, like French vous and Italian voi , and it uses the same form as vosotros . It provides three levels of formality:
While vos is missing in standard Spanish, some dialects are missing tÃÆ'º , and start using vos as an informal pronoun. The exact connotation of this practice, called voseo , depends on its dialect. In certain countries there may be socioeconomic implications. El voseo uses pronoun vos for tÃÆ'º , but maintains te as an object pronoun and tu and tuyo as possessive.
In voseo , the vow related to vos in this indicative (roughly equivalent to simple English), is formed from the second plural (form for vosotros ). If the second plural ends in ÃÆ'¡is or ÃÆ' Â © is , the form for vos drops i :
Similarly the verb ser (be) has:
If the second person plotted ends at -ÃÆ's (with an accent on ÃÆ' ), the form for vos is identical:
In the imperative, the form for vos is also derived from the plural second person. The latter always ends at -d . So for the form for vos this is d removed, and if the verb has more than one syllable, the accent is added to the last vowel:
The only exception to this rule is in the verb ir (to go), which has no imperative form for vos and uses the analogue form of the verb andar , which has the same meaning, and the usual:
In this subjunctive, the same rules as for current indications apply, although these forms co-exist in Argentina with those for pronouns tÃÆ'º :
Or:
Other word forms always have the same form for vos as for tÃÆ'º .
Outside Argentina, other combinations are possible. For example, people in Maracaibo can use the standard vosotros tip for vos (vos hablÃÆ'¡is, que vos hablÃÆ' Ã… © is) .
Vosotros required: -ar for -ad
In Spanish, everyday language, infinitives are used as a substitute for normative imperatives for vosotros . This is not accepted in the normative language.
Non-normative -s on tÃÆ'º form
A form used for centuries but never accepted normatively has -s that ends in a single second person of a past preterite or simple. For example, lo hicistes instead of normative lo hiciste ; hablastes tÃÆ'º for hablaste tÃÆ'º . That is the only example where the tÃÆ'º form does not end in -s in the normative language.
Ladino has gone a step further with hablates .
Third person dressing variation
The third person objects directly and indirectly-the pronoun object shows variations from region to region, from one individual to another, and even in a single individual language. The Real Academia EspaÃÆ' Â ± ola prefers the use of "etymological", one in which the function of the object is not directly carried by le (regardless of gender), and the function of the object is directly performed by la or lo (by gender antecedents, and regardless of the animation).
The academy also approves the use of le as a direct object for masculine, antecedents of life (ie men). The deviations from this approved use are named leÃÆ'smo (for the use of le as the direct object), and laÃÆ'smo and loÃÆ'smo (for use la and lo as an indirect object). Variation of pronouns of objects studied in detail by GarcÃÆ'a & amp; Otheguy (1977).
Here are some examples for this:
QueÃÆ'smo and dequeÃÆ'smo
The noun clauses in Spanish are usually introduced by a complement of que , and such noun clauses can serve as objects of the preposition de , resulting in the sequence de que in standard language. This sequence, in turn, is often reduced in colloquial to just que , and this reduction is called queÃÆ'smo .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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