Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the main work is done by cutting, forming and installing building materials during construction of buildings, ships, wooden bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally work with natural wood and do rough work as framing, but nowadays many other materials are also used and sometimes the smoother trade of cabinet making and furniture building is considered as the carpentry field. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and that is the fourth most dominated occupation of men in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpenters' jobs. Carpenters are usually the first trader on the job and the last to leave. Carpenters usually frame post-and-block buildings until the end of the 19th century; now this ancient carpentry is called wood framing. The carpenter learns this trade by being hired through apprenticeship training - usually 4 years - and qualified by successfully completing the country's competency tests in places like England, USA, Australia and South Africa. It's also common that skills can be learned by gaining work experience apart from formal training programs, which may occur in many places.
Video Carpentry
Etimologi
The word "carpenter" is an English translation of the ancient French word carpentier (then, charpentier ) derived from the Latin carpentrius [artifex] , (the makers of the wagon) The English and Central Scots (in the sense of "builder") are wright (from Old English wryhta i> works ), which can be used in combined form such as wheelman or boatman .
Use of the term in the United Kingdom
In the UK, carpentry is best used to describe the skills involved in the first arrangement of wooden items, such as roof construction, wood floors and framed buildings, typically hidden fields of construction. in a finished building. An easy way to imagine this is that the first fix work is all done before plastering occurs. The second repair is done after plastering occurs. The second fix works, the construction of items such as skirting boards, architraves, and doors are also under carpentry. Carpentry is also used for building formwork where concrete is poured during the construction of structures such as roads and highways. In England, the skill of making woodwork formwork for pouring, or there, is concrete, referred to as shuttering .
Use of the term in the United States
Carpentry in the United States has historically been defined as similar to England as a "heavier and stronger" work distinguished from a carpenter "... who does lighter and more ornamental work than a carpenter..." though ".... work of a carpenter and a carpenter is often combined. "Joiners are less common than the term" finish carpenter "or" cabinetmaker ". The terms housewright and granaries are used historically, now sometimes used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and materials. Someone who builds concrete formwork is a carpenter form .
Maps Carpentry
History
Wood is one of the oldest human building materials. The ability to shape wood is enhanced by technological advances from the stone age to the bronze age to the iron age. Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry is a water well casing built using oak with separate mortise and tenon and a corner curve dug in eastern Germany dating back some 7,000 years ago in the early neolithic period.
Relatively little information about carpentry is available from prehistory (before written language) or even centuries because knowledge and skills are passed from person to person, rarely in writing, until the printing press was discovered in the 15th century and builders started regular. publishing guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries. The oldest surviving architectural texts that survive are the ten books of Vitruvius collectively called De architectura, which addresses several areas of carpentry.
Some of the oldest surviving timber buildings in the world are temples in China such as the Nanchan Temple built in 782, Greensted Church, whose part dates from the 11th century, and stave churches in Norway from the 12th and 13th centuries.
In the 16th century, sawmills began to be used in Europe. The American establishment is partly based on the desire to take resources from new continents including timber for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and the cutting of spikes. These technologies combined with the invention of circular saws led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional wood framing.
The 19th century saw the development of electrical and distribution techniques that enabled the development of handheld power tools, wire nails and machines for mass-producing screws. In the 20th century, portland cement began to be used in general and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to get rid of heavy wooden frames. Also, drywall (plasterboard) comes into general use replacing lime plaster on wooden battens. Plywood, engineered wood and chemically treated wood are also being used.
For the type of carpentry used in America see historic American carpentry.
Training
Carpentry requires training that involves knowledge and physical practice. In formal training, the carpenter begins as an apprentice, then becomes a worker, and with sufficient experience and competence finally achieves the status of a master carpenter. Today pre-internship training can be obtained through non-union vocational programs such as high school and college store classes.
Informally, a worker can work with a carpenter for years learning skills through observation and peripheral assistance. While such an individual may obtain the status of a day-worker by paying the union's entry fee and obtaining a daily worker's card (which entitles the worker to the union's carpentry crew) the carpenter's mandor will, by necessity, dismiss the worker who presents the card but does not show the skill level expected.
Carpenters can work for employers or become self-employed. No matter what kind of training a carpenter has, some US states require contractors to be licensed that require passing a written test and have a minimum level of insurance.
School and carpentry programs
Formal training in carpentry trading is available in seminars, certificate programs, high school programs, online classes, in new construction, restoration, and carpentry preservation. Sometimes this program is called pre-apprenticeship training.
In the modern UK construction industry, carpenters are trained through an apprenticeship scheme in which the general education grants (GCSEs) are in mathematics, English, and Technology aid, but not important. However, this is considered a preferred route, as young people can gain and gain field experience while training toward a nationally recognized qualification.
There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and cabinet making. During pre-internship, trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and workshops in mathematics learning, trading terminology, and skills in the use of hand and power tools. Participants of the wood-construction training also participate in gymnastics to prepare the physical aspects of the work.
After completing the pre-apprentices, trainees who have successfully graduated from a multilevel curriculum (taught by experienced carpenters) are assigned to a local union and for union carpenters at workplaces at construction sites or in closet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as they progress in the status of Year Two, Year Three and Year Four, the internship periodically returns to training facilities every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade.
Apprenticeship and Journeymen carpenters
Merchants in countries like Germany and Australia are required to meet a formal internship (usually three to four years) to work as a professional carpenter. After graduating from the apprenticeship, he was known as a boatman's carpenter.
Until the 19th century and even the beginning of the 20th century, the traveler traveled to other parts of the country to study the style and techniques of buildings in the area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, travelers do not have to travel, and the term now refers to a level of skill and skill. The United Carpentry Union, that is, members of the United Woodman Brotherhood and American Supporters, are required to pass a skill test to be granted official worker status, but non-certified professional carpenters can also be known as nomads based on their skill levels, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in trade and not because of formal woodworking certification or education.
Professional status as a boatman's carpentry in the United States can be obtained in several ways. Formal training is obtained in a four-year apprenticeship program run by the United Timber Union and Founders Union, where stewardess status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job training with carpenters boatman. The Timber Framers Guild also has a formal internship program for traditional wood framing. Training is also available in groups such as Kim B wood craft village? Ng in Vietnam where the participants live and work to learn carpentry and carpentry skills.
In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes the minimum number of hours worked in the workplace as well as technical instruction at a college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours the apprentice receives, he or she can obtain a Certificate of Proficiency, making it a daily worker, or a Qualification Certificate, allowing him to practice a more limited number of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of obtaining an additional Interprovincial Red Seal that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and additional checks.
Master carpenter
After working as a nomad for a while, a carpenter can continue to study or test as a major carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany and Japan, this is a difficult and costly process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skills to achieve master certification; these countries generally require teacher status for anyone who hires and teaches students on the plane. On the other hand, 'master carpenter' can be a term used loosely to describe any skilled carpenter.
Carpenter and trained welders will often move to related trades such as store installations, scaffolding, woodworking, maintenance and system installation.
Materials used
Carpenters traditionally work with natural wood that has been prepared by splitting (riving), chewing, or sawing with saws or sawmills called wood (American English) or wood (English English). Today natural and engineered wood and many other carpentry building materials can be used usually prepared by others and sent to the workplace. In 2013, the American carpenter's union uses the term carpenter for all-catch positions. The tasks performed by union carpenters include installing "... flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinets, solid surfaces, roofs, framing, walls, floors, insulation,... acoustic ceilings, computer access floors, framing metal parts, partition walls, office furniture systems, and either custom or factory-produced materials,... trim and molding,... ceiling treatment,... open columns and beams, displays, mantels, ladders... metal stud, metal batten, and drywall... "
Health and safety
United States
Carpentry work is often dangerous. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include engine hazards, flying materials, projection tools, fire and explosion, electricity, noise, vibration, dust and chemicals. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) seeks to prevent illness, injury and fire through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by OSHA actions. OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace deaths have been reduced by more than 65 per cent and rates of workplace injuries and illness have declined by 67 per cent." At the same time, jobs in the US have almost doubled. " The main cause of the entire death toll, called the "four fatal", falls, is followed by an object, electrocuted, and caught in between. In general construction "the entrepreneur must provide working conditions that are free from known hazards Save the floor in the work area cleanly and, as far as possible, dry conditions Choose and provide personal protective equipment required at no cost to the workers Train workers on the dangers of work in a language they can understand. "Examples of how to prevent falls include installing fences and foot-boards on every non-closing floor opening and elevated platforms and harness and safety lines, safety nets, stair rails and hand rails.
Safety is not just about workers in the workplace. The carpenter's work must meet the requirements in the Life Safety Code as in building stairs and building codes to promote long-term quality and security for building occupants.
Type and job
The final carpenter (North America), also called the joiner (the now rare traditional name in North America), is the person who finished the woodwork, that is, the wardrobe, the furniture making, good woodworking, modeling, instrument-making, parquet, carpenter's workshop, or other carpentry areas where proper connections and minimum margins of error are important. Some large-scale constructions may be precision and art that are classified as final carpentry.
A carpenter and a carpenter are people who have far wider skills ranging from carpenters, finishing woodwork, building construction and work forms.
A trim carpenter specializes in printing and trim, such as door and window casings, mantels, baseboards, and other ornamental work types. The cabinet installer can also be called a slim woodworker.
A cabinet maker is a carpenter who does a fine and detailed job specializing in the manufacture of wooden cabinets, cabinets, dressers, storage cabinets, and other furniture designed for storage.
A ship's carpenter specializes in shipbuilding, maintenance, repair engineering and special carpentry for marine needs in addition to many tasks on board other vessels; usually the term refers to a carpenter who has a post on a particular ship. Steel warships as well as those made of wood require carpenters of ships, primarily to make emergency repairs in case of combat or storm damage.
A shipbuilder builds wooden boats on land.
A cooper is someone who makes barrels: a cone-shaped wooden ship of cone shape, with a length greater than its width.
A beautiful carpenter builds and unloads temporary scenes and is immersed in film, television and theater making.
A builder is a carpenter who builds skeletal structures or wooden frames, most commonly in platform framing methods. Historically, balloon framing was used until 1950 when fire safety issues made the platform framework inherently better. A carpenter who specializes in building with wood instead of studs is known as a wooden formter and performs traditional wooden framing with wooden connections, including bouncer and pole connections, pole work and beams with metal connectors, or framing pole buildings.
A luthier is someone who creates or improves stringed instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word for the lute, "lut".
A maker of logs builds a pile structure, horizontal logs including homes, barns, churches, forts, and more.
formwork builder creates shuttering and falsework used in concrete construction.
In Japanese carpentry, daiku is a simple term for carpenters, a miya-daiku (temple carpenter) does the work of both architects and builders of temples and temples, and a sukiya - I work in a house and drink house. Sashimono-shi builds furniture and performs interior finishing work.
carpentry restorers are carpenters who work in historic building restorations, someone who returns the structure to its previous state.
A conservation carpenter works in architectural conservation, known in the US as a "conservation carpenter" who works in historic preservation, someone who keeps the structure in order to remain unchanged.
Green carpentry is specializing in the use of sustainable, energy-efficient and sustainable building materials for use in construction projects. They also practice constructing methods that require fewer materials and materials that have the same structural strength.
Recycled ( reclaimed , repurposed ) woodworking is carpentry that uses wood chunks and parts of furniture that are discarded or damaged to be built new wood products.
See also
- Artisan
- The Atlanta ToolBank community
- CCG Profile
- The Guild
- Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum, Kobe, Japan
- Traditional trades
- Wood Work
- The Woodworking Wizard
References
External links
- Media associated with Carpentry on Wikimedia Commons
- Media related to Wood architecture in Wikimedia Commons
- Wood work on Wikibooks
- Ã, "Carpentry". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 5 (issue 11). 1911.
- The Carpenter Institute (UK)
- Carpenters are included in the Occupational Outlook Handbook of the Bureau of Labor Statistics from the United States Department of Labor
- Carpenters from Europe and beyond
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments