Swimming is one's self-propellers through fresh water or salt water, usually for recreation, sports, sports, or survival. Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movements of the limbs, body, or both. Humans can hold their breath under water and perform incomplete swimming locomotives within weeks of birth, in an evolutionary response.
Swimming consistently among the top public leisure activities, and in some countries, swimming lessons are a mandatory part of the educational curriculum. As a formal sport, swimming features in various local, national, and international competitions, including every modern Summer Olympics.
Video Swimming
Sains
Swimming depends on the natural/non natural buoyancy of the human body. On average, the body has a relative density of 0.98 compared with water, which causes the body to drift. However, buoyancy varies based on body composition and water salinity. Higher levels of body fat and salt water lower the relative density of the body and increase its buoyancy.
Since the human body is only slightly denser than water, water supports body weight during swimming. As a result, swimming is "low impact" compared to soil activity such as running. The density and viscosity of water also creates resistance to objects moving through water. Swim strokes use this resistance to create propulsion, but this same resistance also produces resistance to the body.
Hydrodynamics are important for stroke techniques to swim faster, and swimmers who want to swim faster or dispose of less try to reduce the dragging of body movements through water. To be more hydrodynamic, swimmers can increase sweeping power or reduce water resistance, although power must increase by a factor of three to achieve the same effect by reducing resistance. Efficient pools by reducing water resistance involve horizontal water positions, twisting the body to reduce the extent of the body in the water, and extending the arm as far as possible to reduce the wave resistance.
Just before plunging into the pool, swimmers can do exercises like squats. Crouching helps in enhancing early swimmers with thigh muscle warming.
Maps Swimming
Baby swimming
Human infants show pool reflexes or congenital dives since newborns until about 6 months of age. Other mammals also show this phenomenon (see reflex dive mammals). The diving response involves apnea, reflex bradycardia, and peripheral vasoconstriction; in other words, babies drowning in water spontaneously hold their breath, slow their heart rate, and reduce blood circulation to extremities (fingers and toes). Because babies can swim by default, classes for infants aged around 6 months are offered in many locations. It helps build muscle memory and makes a strong swimmer from a young age.
Technique
Swimming can be done using a variety of styles, known as 'strokes', and these strokes are used for different purposes, or to differentiate between classes in competitive swimming. There is no need to use a stroke that is defined for propulsion through water, and an untrained swimmer can use a 'doggy paddle' of hand and foot movements, similar to the way a four-legged animal swims.
There are four major blows used in competition and swimming recreation: front crawl, also known as free style, chest style, back and butterfly style. The competitive pool in Europe began around 1800, mostly using a chest style. In 1873, John Arthur Trudgen introduced the trudgen to the Western swimming competition. The butterfly stroke was developed in the 1930s, and was regarded as a variant of breaststroke until accepted as a separate style in 1953. Butterflies are known as the most difficult strokes for many people. It burns the most calories compared to the other 3 strokes.
Other strokes exist for specific purposes, such as training or rescue, and it is also possible to adapt strokes to avoid the use of body parts, either to isolate certain body parts, such as swimming only with arms or legs just to train them harder, or for use by people the amputee or the affected paralysis.
History
Swimming has been recorded since prehistoric times, and the earliest record of swimming dates back to the Stone Age painting of about 7,000 years ago. Date of written reference from 2000 BC. Some of the earliest references include Epic of Gilgamesh, Iliad, Odyssey, Bible (Ezekiel 47: 5, Acts 27:42, Isaiah 25:11), Beowulf, and other stories.
The coastal tribes living in the chaotic lowlands were known as excellent swimmers by the Romans. Men and horses from the Batavi tribe could cross the Rhine without losing formation, according to Tacitus. Dio Cassius explains one shock tactic used by Aulus Plautius against Celtic at the Battle of Medway:
The [British Celtic] thought that Rome would not be able to cross without a bridge, and consequently bivouacked in a rather careless fashion across the bank; but he sent detachments [Batavii], who used to swim easily with full armor across the most tumultuous river.... From there the English resigned to the River Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and when the tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where solid ground and easy paths in this region could be found, but the Romans who tried to follow them were not very successful. However, [Batavii] swam across again and some others were carried by the bridge slightly over the river, after which they attacked the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them. "
Pada 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, seorang profesor bahasa Jerman, menulis buku renang pertama, The Swimmer atau A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming ( The Swimmer or a Swinging Swing ).
Tujuan
There are many reasons why people swim, from swimming as a recreational pursuit for swimming as an important part of work or other activity. Swimming can also be used to rehabilitate injuries, especially various cardiovascular and muscular injuries.
Recreation
Many swimmers swim for recreation, with consistently swimming ranks as one of the physical activities of people most likely to take part. Swimming recreation can also be used for exercise, relaxation or rehabilitation. Water support, and impact reduction, make swimming accessible to people who can not perform activities like running.
Health
Swimming is mainly cardiovascular/aerobic exercise because of long training time, requiring constant oxygen supply to the muscles, except for short sprints in which muscles work anaerobically. Like most aerobic exercises, swimming reduces the harmful effects of stress. Swimming is also effective in improving health for people with cardiovascular problems and chronic diseases. This proved to have a positive impact on the mental health of pregnant women and mothers. Swimming can even improve mood.
Swimmers with disabilities
In 2013, the United States with Disabilities Act requires that swimming pools in the United States be accessible to swimmers with disabilities.
elderly swimmers
"Water-based exercise can benefit older adults by improving quality of life and reducing disability, it also improves or maintains bone health of post-menopausal women."
Sports
Swimming as a sport mainly involves participants competing to be the fastest within a certain distance. Competitors swim in different distances at different levels of competition. For example, swimming has been an Olympic sport since 1896, and the current program includes events from 50m to 1500m in length, across all four major strokes and medley.
The sport is arranged internationally by FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale de Natation (FINA), and the competition pool for the FINA event is 25 or 50 meters in length. In the United States, a 25-meter pool is usually used for competition.
Other swimming and water sports related disciplines include diving, synchronized swimming, water polo, triathlon, and modern pentathlon.
Jobs
Some jobs require workers to swim, such as abalone and pearl dive, and spearfishing.
Swimming is used to save people in water in distress, including exhausted swimmers, non-swimmers who accidentally entered the water, and others who came to harm the water. Lifeguards or voluntary volunteers are deployed in many pools and beaches around the world to meet this goal, and they, as well as swimmers, can use a special swimming style for rescue purposes.
Swimming are also used in marine biology to observe plants and animals in their natural habitat. Other sciences use swimming; for example, Konrad Lorenz swam with swans as part of his study of animal behavior.
Swimming also has a military purpose. The military pool is usually carried out by special operations forces, such as the Navy SEAL and US Army Special Forces. Swimming is used to approach locations, gather intelligence, engage in sabotage or combat, and then depart. This may also include insertion of air into the water or out of the submarine during submersion. Due to regular exposure to large water bodies, all recruits in the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard are required to complete basic swimming or water survival training.
Swimming is also a professional sport. The company sponsors swimmers who have the skills to compete on an international level. Many swimmers compete competitively to represent their home country at the Olympics. Professional swimmers can also earn a living as an entertainer, performing in a water ballet.
Locomotion
Locomotion with short-range swims often occurs when alternatives are excluded. There are cases of political refugees swimming in the Baltic Sea and people jumping in the water and swimming ashore from ships that are not meant to reach the land where they plan to go. The swim trip is the plot center of the movie "Welcome". US President John F. Kennedy led his sailors to swim island to island after his torpedo ship sank in World War II.
Risk
There are many risks associated with voluntary or unconscious human presence in water, which can cause death directly or through drowning asphyxia. Swimming is the goal of many voluntary existence and the main means to regain land in unintentional situations.
Most recorded water deaths fall into this category:
- The panic happens when an inexperienced swimmer or a nonswimmer becomes overwhelmed mentally because of the state of their subs, which causes drowning and drowning. Sometimes, panic kills through hyperventilation, even in shallow water.
- Fatigue can make a person unable to sustain an effort to swim or tread water, often causing death by drowning. An adult with fully developed and extended lungs generally has positive buoyancy or at least neutrality, and can float with modest effort when calm and in calm water. A small child has negative buoyancy and should make a sustained effort to avoid drowning quickly.
- Hypothermia, in which a person loses critical core temperature, can cause unconsciousness or heart failure. Dehydration from prolonged exposure to hypertonic saline water - or, more rarely, salt aspiration syndrome in which inhaled salt creates foam in the lungs that limit breathing - can lead to loss of physical control or killing directly without drowning real. Hypothermia and dehydration also kill directly, without causing drowning, even when the person is wearing a life vest.
- Blunt trauma in rapidly moving floods or river water can kill swimmers directly, or cause them to drown.
Adverse effects of swimming may include:
- Exostosis, abnormal bone growth constricts the ear canal because of frequent, long-term splashes or cold water filling into the ear canal, also known as the surfer's ear
- Infections from bacteria, viruses, or water-borne parasites
- Inhaled chlorine (in the pool)
- Heart attacks while swimming (the main cause of sudden death among triathlon participants, occurs at levels 1 to 2 per 100,000 participation.)
- Unpleasant encounters with aquatic life:
- Stings from sea lice, jellyfish, fish, shellfish, and some coral species
- Stab wounds caused by crabs, lobsters, sea urchins, zebra mussels, stingrays, flying fish, seabirds and debris
- Bite bleeding from fish, marine mammals, and marine reptiles, sometimes due to predation
- Toxic bites from sea snakes and certain octopus species
- Electric shock or light shock from electric eels and electric light
Around any swimming pool area, security equipment is often important, and is a zoning requirement for most residential pools in the United States. Supervision by personnel trained in rescue techniques is required at most competitive pool meetings and public swimming pools.
Lessons
Traditionally, children are considered not to be able to swim independently until the age of 4, although now baby swimming lessons are recommended to prevent drowning.
In Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland, the curriculum for the fifth (fourth grade in Estonia) class states that all children must learn how to swim and how to handle emergencies near water. Most commonly, children are expected to swim as far as 200 meters (660 feet) - at least 50 meters (160 feet) on their backs - after first falling into deep water and getting their heads underwater. Although about 95 percent of Swedish school children know how to swim, drowning remains the third most common cause of death among children.
Both in the Netherlands and in Belgium under-school swimming lessons (schoolzwemmen, school swimming) are supported by the government. Most schools provide swimming lessons. There is a long tradition of swimming lessons in Dutch and Belgian, Dutch translations for the style of breaststroke even schoollag (school style). In France, swimming is a mandatory part of the curriculum for elementary school. Children usually spend one semester per year learning to swim during the CP/CE1/CE2/CM1 (1, 2, 3 and 4 classes).
In many places, swimming lessons are provided by the local swimming pool, both run by local authorities and by private leisure companies. Many schools also incorporate swimming lessons into their Physical Education curriculum, provided at their own school pool or at the nearby public swimming pool.
In the UK, the "Top-up" scheme calls schoolchildren who can not swim at the age of 11 to receive intensive daily lessons. Children who have not reached the National Standards The UK Curriculum swims 25 meters by the time they leave primary school receiving half-hour lessons every day for two weeks over a period of time.
In Canada and Mexico there are calls to include swimming in the public school curriculum.
In the United States there is a Baby Swimming Resource initiative (ISR) that provides lessons for infant children, to deal with emergencies when they fall into the water. They are taught how to roll-back-to-float (holding their breath under water, rolling onto their backs, floating unaided, resting and breathing until help arrives).
Clothing and supplies
Swimsuit
Standard daywear is usually not practical for swimming and is not safe under certain circumstances. Most cultures today expect swimmers to wear swimsuits.
Men's swimwear usually resemble shorts or shorts. Casual men's pool suits (eg, boardhorts) are rarely tasteful, unlike competitive swimwear, like jammers or diveskins. In most cases, boys and men swim with their upper bodies open, except in countries where custom or law prohibits them in public places, or for practical reasons such as sun protection.
Modern female swimsuits are generally skintight, covering the pubic area and breasts (see bikini). Women's swimsuits can also cover the abdomen as well. Women's swimsuits are often a fashion statement, and whether it is simple or not is the subject of much-group, religious and secular debate.
Competitive swimming suits are built so that the wearer can swim faster and more efficiently. Competitive modern swimwear is very tight and lightweight. There are many types of competitive swimwear for each sex. It is used in aquatic competitions, such as water polo, swimming racing, diving, and rowing.
Dive suit provides thermal and flotation insulation. Many swimmers lack the buoyancy in the legs. Wetsuit reduces the density and therefore increases buoyancy while swimming. It provides insulation by absorbing some of the surrounding water, which then heats up when in direct contact with the skin. Wetsuit is the usual choice for those who swim in cold water for long periods of time, as it reduces susceptibility to hypothermia.
Some people also choose not to wear clothes while swimming; this is known as a skinny dip. It is common for men to swim naked in public places until the early 20th century. Today, a skinny dip can be a rebel activity or just an ordinary course.
Accessories
- Ear plugs can prevent water from entering the ear.
- Noseclips can prevent water from entering the nose. However, this is generally only used for synchronized swimming. Using a nose clip in a competitive pool can cause harm to most swimmers. For this reason the nose clip is only used for swimming and harmonized swimming.
- Goggles protects the eyes from chlorinated water, and can increase underwater visibility. Colored glasses protect the eyes from the sun's rays that bounce off the bottom of the pool.
- The swimming cap keeps the body lean and protects hair from chlorinated water.
- Kickboards are used to keep the upper body afloat while exercising the lower body.
- Pull buoys are used to keep the lower body afloat while exercising the upper body.
- Swimfins are used to lengthen kicks and improve technique and speed. The fins also build the upper calf muscles.
- Hand paddles are used to increase resistance during arm movements, with the aim of improving technique and strength.
- The pool noodle is used to keep the user afloat during the time in the water.
- Fences and safety equipment are mandatory in public swimming pools and zoning requirements in most residential pools in the United States.
See also
References
Bibliography
- Cox, Lynne (2005). Swimming to Antarctica: Long-Distance Swimmer Story . Harvest Books. ISBN: 0-15-603130-2.
- Maniscalco F., Il nuoto nel mondo greco romano, Naples 1993.
- Mehl H., Antike Schwimmkunst, Munchen 1927.
- Schuster G., Smits W. & amp; Ullal J., Jungle Thinker . Tandem Verlag 2008.
- Sprawson, Charles (2000). Haunts of the Black Masseur - The Swimmer as Hero . University of Minnesota Press. ISBNÃ, 0-8166-3539-0. svin
- Tarpinian, Steve (1996). Important Swimmers . The Lyons Press. ISBNÃ, 1-55821-386-4.
External links
- Media related to Swimming in Wikimedia Commons
- Physsportsmed.com, Pool Injuries, and Diseases
- Swimmingstrokes.info, Summary 150 history and lesser known swimming movements
- Drowning - Prevention.org, Drowning Prevention and Water Safety Information from Seattle Children 's Hospital and Washington State' s Suntan Prevention Network
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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