Typing is the process of writing or entering text by pressing a button on a typewriter, computer keyboard, mobile phone, or calculator. It can be distinguished from other means of text input, such as handwriting and speech recognition. Text can be in the form of letters, numbers and other symbols. The first typist in the world is Lillian Sholes of Wisconsin, daughter of Christopher Sholes, who invented the first practical typewriter.
User interface features such as spell checker and autocomplete function to facilitate and speed up typing and to prevent or correct errors that the typist may have.
Video Typing
Technique
Touch typing
The basic technique is different from hunting and typing typing where the typist inserts his eyes on the source copy at any time. Touch typing also involves the use of home row methods, where typists keep their wrists, rather than putting them on a desk or keyboard (which can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome). To avoid this, the typist should sit upright, slightly leaning forward from the waist, place their feet flat on the floor in front of them with one foot slightly in front of the other, and keep the elbows close to their sides with the forearms slightly tilted up to the keyboard; the fingers should be slightly curved and rest in the row of the house.
Many touch typists also use keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys when typing on a computer. This allows them to edit their documents without having to unleash their hands from the keyboard to use the mouse. Example keyboard shortcuts hit Ctrl added key S to save the document as they type, or Ctrl added key Z keys to cancel the error Many experienced typists can feel or feel when they have made a mistake and can press <- Backspace and make corrections without an increase in time between keystrokes.
Hunting and Pecking
Hunting and pecking ( typing two fingers ), also known as fingers , is a common form of typing where typists press each key individually. Instead of relying on key memorized positions, the typist must find each key with a view. The use of this method can also prevent the typist from being able to see what you have typed without glancing distantly from the button. Although good accuracy can be achieved, any typing errors made may not be immediately noticed because the user does not see the screen. There are also disadvantages because fewer fingers are used, which is used to be forced to move much further.
Hybrid
There are many idiosyncratic typing styles among the new "hunting and pecking" styles and touch typing. For example, many "hunt and patuk" typists have keyboard layouts that are memorized and can be typed while focusing their views on the screen. Some only use two fingers, while others use 3-6 fingers. Some use their fingers very consistently, with the same finger used to type the same characters each time, while others vary the way they use their fingers.
One study examining 30 subjects, with different styles and skills, has found a minimal difference in typing speed between touch typist and self-taught automotive typist. According to the study, "The number of fingers does not specify typing speed... People using self-taught typing strategies are found as fast as trained typists... not the number of fingers, there are other factors that predict typing speed... fast typing... keep hands on one position, instead of moving it to the keyboard, and more consistently using the same finger for typing certain letters. "Quoting Doctor candidate Anna Feit:" We were surprised to see that people who attended the typing course, performed with average speed and accuracy the same, as taught typing itself and using only 6 fingers on average "
Buffering
Some people combine touch typing and hunt and peck using the buffering method. In the buffer method, the typist sees a copy of the source, mentally stores one or more sentences, then looks at the keyboard and types in buffer from the sentence. It eliminates the up and down motions often with the head and is used in a typing competition where the typist is inexperienced in touch typing. Usually not used in everyday contact with the keyboard, this buffer method is only used when time is essence.
Thumbing
The late twentieth century typing trends, especially used with devices with small keyboards (such as PDAs and Smartphones), are thumb or typing thumbs. This can be done using one or both thumbs. Similar to desktop keyboards and input devices, if the user too often uses keys that need to be pushed hard and/or has a small and non-ergonomic layout, it can cause thumb tendonitis or other repetitive strain injuries.
Maps Typing
Word per minute
Word per minute (WPM) is a measure of typing speed, commonly used in hiring. For WPM measurement purposes, a word is standardized into five characters or a key press. Therefore, "chocolate" is counted as one word, but "mozzarella" is considered as two words.
The benefit of standard input speed measurements is to allow comparison between language and hardware limits. The Afrikaans-speaking operator's speed in Cape Town can be compared with the French-speaking operator in Paris.
Alphanumeric entries
In one study of average computer users, the average rate for transcription was 33 words per minute, and 19 words per minute for composition. In the same study, when the group was divided into groups of "fast", "moderate" and "slow", the average velocities were 40 kpm, 35 kpm, and 23 kpm respectively. A professional typist averages 50 to 80 wpm, while some positions may require 80 to 95 wpm (usually the minimum required for shipping positions and other typing jobs), and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm. The two-finger typist, sometimes also referred to as a typical "hunt and pat," generally achieves a sustained speed of about 37 kpm for memorized texts and 27 wpm when copying text, but in bursts may reach speeds of 60 to 70 wpm. From the 1920s to the 1970s, typing speed (along with stenographic speed) was an important secretarial qualification and popular typing contest and was often published by typewriter companies as a promotional tool.
Less common than the speed of a typist, CPM is used to identify the number of characters typed per minute. This is a common measurement for typing a program, or typing a tutor, as it can provide a more accurate measure of a person's typing speed without having to type for a long time. The common conversion factor between WPM and CPM is 5. It is also used occasionally to connect reader speed to the amount they have read. CPM has also been applied to 20th century printers, but modern faster printers more often use PPM (pages per minute).
The fastest typing speed, 216 words per minute, was achieved by Stella Pajunas-Garnand from Chicago in 1946 in a minute on an IBM electric. In 2005, writer Barbara Blackburn was the fastest English typist in the world, according to The Guinness Book of World Records. Using the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard, it has maintained 150 wpm for 50 minutes, and 170 wpm for shorter periods, with a top speed of 212 wpm. Blackburn, who failed in QWERTY typing classes in high school, first encountered the Dvorak keyboard in 1938, quickly learned to reach incredibly high speeds, and occasionally toured to provide speed-typing demonstrations during his secretary's career. She appeared on Late Night with David Letterman on January 24, 1985, but felt that Letterman made her spectacle. Blackburn died in April 2008.
The recent emergence of some competitive typing websites has allowed several fast typists on computer keyboards to appear along with new recordings, although this is largely unverifiable. Two of the most famous online records that are considered original are 241.82 wpm in English text at typingzone.com by Brazilian Guilherme Sandrini (equivalent to 290,184 wpm using traditional definition for word per minute because this site defines words as six characters instead of five) and 256 wpm (recorded video captured) on TypeRacer by Sean Wrona of America, the first Ultimate Typing Championship winner, considered the highest score ever on the site, until Wrona claims that it has been exceeded. These two notes are basically sprint speeds on short text options that last less than a minute and are accomplished on a QWERTY keyboard. Wrona also retained 174 wpm on a 50-minute test taken at hi-games.net, another online typing site to unofficially replace Blackburn as the fastest typing toughness, though disputes may still arise over differences in textual difficulties as well as Wrona's use of modern computer keyboards contrary to typewriters used by Blackburn. Michael DeRoche, a great but skilled typist who has scored 300 wpm in Typeracer to beat rivals Erik Treider and Sean Wrona.
Using a personalized interface, physicist Stephen Hawking, who suffers from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, managed to type 15 wpm with customized switches and software created by Walt Woltosz. Due to the slowing of his motor skills, the interface is enhanced by infrared cameras that detect "twitches in the cheek muscles under the eyes." His typing speed dropped to about one word per minute at the end of his life.
Numerical entry
Numeric or 10-key entries, speed is a measure of a person's ability to manipulate numeric keypads.
Text entry research
Analysis error
With the introduction of computers and word processors, there was a change in how text entry was done. In the past, using a typewriter, speed was measured with a stopwatch and errors were calculated by hand. With today's technology, document preparation is more about using word processors as compositional help, changing the meaning of the error rate and how to measure it. Research conducted by R. William Soukoreff and I. Scott MacKenzie, has led to the discovery of applications of a well-known algorithm. Through the use of this algorithm and the accompanying analytical techniques, two statistics are used, minimum string error level (MSD error rate) and keystrokes per character (KSPC). Two advantages of this technique include:
1. Participants are allowed to enter text naturally, as they may make mistakes and correct them 2. Error identification and creation of error rate statistics are easily automated.
Deconstructing text input process
Through the keystrokes analysis, the keystroke of the input stream is divided into four classes: True (C), False Repair (IF), Fixed (F), and Incorrect Fixed (INF). The main stroke classification is broken down into the following
1. Two Correct and False Classes Not Fixed consist of all characters in transcribed text 2. Fixed (F) keystrokes are easily identifiable, and include keystrokes such as backspace, delete, cursor movements, and modifier keys.
3. Incorrect typing (IF) is found in the input stream, but not the transcribed text, and not the editing button.
Using these classes, Minimum Error Level String Distance and Key Strokes per second Character statistics can be calculated.
Minimum string spacing error level
The minimum string distance (MSD) is the number of "primitives" which is the number of insertion, deletion, or replacement to convert one string to another string. The following equation is found for MSD Error Level
Tingkat Galat MSD =
Key stroke per karakter (KSPC)
With a minimum string spacing error, the corrected error does not appear in the transcribed text. The following example will show why this is an important error class to consider:
Present Text : fast brown color
Stream : quix & lt; -ck brown
Encrypted Text : fast chocolate
in the example above, the wrong character ('x') has been deleted with backspace ('& lt; -'). Because this error does not appear in the transcribed text, the MSD error rate is 0%. This is why the key statistics are strokes per character (KSPC).
KSPC =
Three shortcomings of KSPC statistics are listed below:
1. High KSPC values ​​may be associated with many corrected errors, or some errors that are not fixed, but there is no way to distinguish between them.
2. KSPC relies on text input method, and can not be used to compare two different input methods, such as Qwerty-keyboard and multi-tap input.
3. There is no obvious way to combine KSPC and MSD into the over-all error rate, even though they have an inverse relationship.
More metrics
Using the class described above, further metrics are determined by R. William Soukoreff and I.Scott MacKenzie:
1. Efficiency of error correction refers to the ease with which participants make error corrections.
Efficiency of Correction = IF/F
2. The participants' accuracy is the error rate corrected by the total number of errors, which helps distinguish the perfectionists from apathetic participants.
Awareness of Participants = IF/(IF INF)
3. If C represents the amount of useful information being transferred, INF, IF, and F represent the proportion of discarded bandwidth.
Bandwidth Utilization = C/(C INF IF F) Waste Bandwidth = (INF IF F)/(C INF IF F)
Total error rate
The class described also provides an intuitive definition of the total error rate:
Total Error Rate = ((INF IF)/(C INF IF)) * 100%
No Correct Error Rate = (INF/(C INF IF)) * 100%
Corrected Error Rate = (IF/(C INF IF)) * 100%
Since these three levels of error are ratios, they are comparable between different devices, something that can not be done with KSPC statistics, which depend on the device.
Tools for text entry research
Currently, two tools are publicly available for text entry researchers to record performance metrics for text entry. The first is TEMA which only runs on Android (operating system). The second is WebTEM that runs on any device with a modern Web browser, and works with almost all text entry techniques.
Keystroke Dynamics
The dynamics of keystroke, or the dynamics of typing , is to obtain detailed time information that describes exactly when each key is pressed and when released when someone is typing on the computer keyboard for human identification by characteristics or characteristics, similar to the speaker's introduction. The data needed to analyze the dynamics of the keystroke was obtained by keystroke recording.
Biometric behavior from Keystroke Dynamics uses the way and rhythm in which individual character types are on a keyboard or keypad.
See also
- Dvorak Simplified Keyboard
- Keyboard layout
- Muscle memory
- QWERTY
- Stenotype
- Touch typing
- Copy the typist
- Audio typist
- Data entry officer
- Rapid typing
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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