Islam ( ) is the Abraham monotheistic religion that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. It is the second largest religion in the world and the fastest growing major religion in the world, with more than 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population, known as Muslims. Muslims constitute the majority of the population in 50 countries. Islam teaches that God is merciful, omnipotent, unique and has guided mankind through prophets, revealing the scriptures and the signs of nature. The main text of Islam is the Quran, seen by Muslims as a word for word of God, and the normative teachings and examples (called sunnah , consist of accounts called hadith ) Muhammad < abbr title = "circa"> c. 570-8 June 632 CE).
Muslims believe that Islam is the full and universal version of the primordial faith revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. As for the Qur'an, Muslims regard it as an unchanging and final revelation of God. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches the final judgment with a properly valued paradise and an unrighteous person punished in hell. Concepts and religious practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which is a mandatory act of worship, and follows Islamic law (sharia), which touches on almost every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.
Apart from the theological point of view, Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early seventh century in Mecca, and in the 8th century the Umayyad Caliphs of Islam extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to a period traditionally dating from the 8th to the 13th centuries, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when many of the historical Muslim world experienced scientific, economic and cultural developments. The expansion of the Muslim world involves various caliphs and empires, traders and converts to Islam by missionary activity ( dawah ).
Most Muslims are one of two denominations: Sunni (75-90%) or Shi'a (10-20%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in South Asia, the world's largest Muslim population, 23% in the Middle East-North Africa, where religion is dominant and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa. with a large Muslim community also found in America, the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, Mainland Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Russia.
Video Islam
Etimologi dan makna
Islam (Arabic: ????? ?, IPA: Ã, [al? S'la: m] Ã, ( listen ) ) is a verbal noun derived from the triliteral root of SLM that forms a class of great words largely related to the concept of wholeness, submission, security, and peace. In the context of religion it means "voluntary surrender to God". Isl? m is a verbal noun from Form IV of root, and means "surrender" or "surrender". Muslim , the word for followers of Islam, is an active participant of the same verb form, and means "sender" or "surrender". The word sometimes has different connotations in various events in the Qur'an. In some verses, there is pressure on the quality of Islam as an internal spiritual state: "Whoever God wants to lead, He opens his heart to Islam." Other verses connect Islam and religion ( d? N ) together: "Today, I have perfected your religion ( d? N ) for you; complete my blessing upon you I have approved Islam for your religion. "Others describe Islam as an act of returning to God - more than an oral affirmation of faith. In the Hadith Gabriel, isl? M is presented as one part of the triad which also includes im? N (confidence), and ihs? N (advantage).
Islam is historically called Muhammadanism in the Anglophone society. This term is no longer used and sometimes it is said to offensive because it indicates that man rather than God is the center of Muslim religion, parallel to Jesus Christ in Christianity. Some writers, however, continue to use the term Muhammadanism as a technical term for religious systems contrary to the Islamic theological concepts in the system.
Maps Islam
Faith articles
Faith (Faith) in the Islamic faith (Aqidah) is often represented as six faith articles, especially described in the Hadith of Gabriel.
God's Concept
Islam is often regarded as having the simple doctrines of great religions. The most fundamental concept is strict monotheism, which is called a ?? d (Arabic: ????? ?). God is described in chapter 112 of the Qur'an as: "Say, He is the Lord, the Only and Only God, the Eternal, the Absolute, He does not beget, nor is He begotten, And there is no one like Him" ​​(112 : 1-4). Muslims denied polytheism and idolatry, called Shirk , and rejected the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. In Islam, God is beyond all understanding and therefore Muslims are not expected to visualize or anthropomorphise him. God is described and referred by a certain name or attribute, the most common is Al-Rahm? N , which means "The Compassionate" and Al-Rah? M , which means "The Merciful" (See Names of God in Islam).
Muslims believe that the creation of everything in the universe occurs because of God's command, "Be, and it is" and that the purpose of existence is to worship or to know God. He is seen as a personal god who responds whenever someone in need or who suffers calls him. There is no intermediary, like a priest, to contact God who states, "I am closer to him than (he) the neck." God's consciousness is called Taqwa.
All? h is a plural or non-plural term used by Muslims and Arab-speaking Christians to refer God, while ? il? h (Arabic: ??? ?) is a term used for gods or gods in general. Other non-Arab Muslims may use different names of God, such as "Tanr?" in Turkish, "Khod?" in Persian or "ud?" in Urdu.
Angels
Belief in angels is fundamental to the faith of Islam. The Arabic word for angels (Arabic: ??? ? Revelations
The Islamic holy books are notes that most Muslims believe are dictated by God to various prophets. Muslims believe that parts of the revealed scriptures, the Torah (Torah) and the Gospel (Gospel), have been distorted - whether in interpretation, in text, or both.. The Qur'an (literally "Zikir") is seen by Muslims as the last revelation and the word of God literally and widely regarded as the best literary work in classical Arabic.
Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad by God through the angel Gabriel ( Jibr? L ) on many occasions between 610 CE until his death on June 8, 632. When Muhammad was alive, all This revelation was written by his friends ( sahaba ), although the primary method of oral transmission through memorization.
The Qur'an is divided into 114 chapters ( suras ) combined, containing 6.236 sentences (? Y? T ). The previous chronological surahs, which are revealed in Mecca, are mainly related to ethical and spiritual topics. The Madinan newspapers recently discussed most of the social and legal issues relevant to the Muslim community.
The Qur'an prefers moral guidance rather than legislation, and is considered a "reference book of Islamic principles and values". Muslim jurists consulted the hadith ("report"), or a written record of the life of the Prophet Muhammad, to complete the Quran and to assist its interpretation. The Qur'anic exegesis and commentary is known as tafseer . The set of rules that govern the proper eocution of recitation is called tajwid .
Muslims usually see the "Qur'an" as the original scripture as revealed in Arabic and that every translation is of necessity deficient, which is considered merely a commentary on the Qur'an.
Prophet and sunnah
Muslims identify 'prophets' (Arabic: ?????? ? anbiy ?? ) from Islam as the chosen human being by God to be His messenger. According to the Quran, the prophets were commanded by God to bring "the will of God" to the nations of the nations. Muslims believe that the prophets are human and not divine, though some are capable of performing miracles to prove their claim. Islamic theology says that all messengers of God are preaching the message of Islam - subject to God's will. The Qur'an mentions the names of a number who are considered prophets in Islam, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others.
Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad as the prophet who brought the final law ( Seal of the prophets ) to convey the divine message to the whole world (to summarize and complete the word of God). In Islam, the "normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the Sunnah (literally "trampled"). Muslims are encouraged to imitate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as essential to guiding the interpretation of the Qur'an. This example is preserved in a tradition known as hadith, which tells of his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. Qudsi's Hadith is a sub-category of hadith, considered as the verbatim words of God cited by Muhammad but not part of the Quran.
A hadith involves two elements: the chain of narrators, called sanad, and the actual words, called matn. Hadith can be classified, by studying the narrative, as "original" or "true", called Sahih (Arabic: ?????? ? ?), "good", is called ? asan (Arabic: ????? ?) or "weak", called ? a ?? f (Arabic: ??????? ?) among others. Muhammad al-Bukhari collected more than 300,000 hadiths, but only included 2,602 different hadiths who passed the test of truth that codified them as authentic in his book Sahih al-Bukhari, considered by the Sunni as the most authentic source of the Quran. Another well known source of the hadith known as The Four Books, which the Shiites considered as the most authentic hadith references.
Rise and ratings
Belief in the "Day of Resurrection", Yawm al-Qiy? Mah (Arabic: ????????? ?) Is also important for Muslims. They believe in time Qiy? Mah was destined by God but unknown to humans. Previous trials and tribulations and during Qiy? Mah is described in the Qur'an and Hadith, as well as in the commentary of the scholars. The Qur'an emphasizes the awakening of the body, resting from pre-Islamic Arab understanding of death.
At Yawm al-Qiy? Mah, Muslims believe that all humanity will be judged for their good and bad deeds and be delivered to Jannah and Paradise or hell. The Qur'an in Surat al-Zalzalah describes this as, "So whoever does the weight of atomic good will see it (99: 7) and whoever does the atomic evil will see it (99: 8)." The Qur'an lists some sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as distrust of God (Arabic: ??? ? kufr ), and dishonesty; however, the Qur'an makes it clear that God will forgive those who repent of their sins if they wish. Good deeds, such as charity, prayer and affection for animals, will be appreciated by entering heaven. Muslims view paradise as a place of joy and blessing, with a reference to the Qur'an describing its features. The mystical tradition in Islam places this heavenly pleasure in the context of a supernatural awakening of God. Yawm al-Qiy? mah also identified in the Qur'an as Yawm ad-D? n (Arabic: ? ?? ????? ?), "Day of Religion"; as-s ?? ah (Arabic: ?????? ?), "Last Hour"; and al-q? ri? ah (Arabic: ??????? ?), "The Clatterer".
The Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitna or may . The general hope depicts Armageddon with the advent of Al Mahdi (prophesied redeemer) that will be sent and with the help of Jesus, to fight against the Antichrist. They will win, liberate Islam from the atrocities, and this will be followed by time of calm with those who live according to religious values.
Divine Will
The concept of divine will is called the al-qad ?? wa l-qadar , which literally comes from the root which means to measure . Everything, good and bad, is believed to have been decided.
Acts of worship
There are five basic religious actions in Islam, collectively known as 'The Pillars of Islam' (also arkan al-Islam); also ad-din, "religious pillar") , which is considered mandatory for all believers. The Qur'an presents them as a framework for worship and a commitment to faith. (3) alms (Zakat), (4) fasting during Ramadhan (5) live. Both Sunni and Sunni sects agree on important details for the performance of these actions. Apart from this, Muslims also take other religious actions. The distinguished between them is the charity (shadaqah) and the recitation of the Quran.
Testimonial
The Shahadah, which is a basic Islamic belief that must be recited under oath with a specific statement: "Honey? "or" I testify that there is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God "( ??????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? This agreement is the basis for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims should repeat the prayers in prayer, and non-Muslims who want to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed. Prayer
Praying ritual? Al? H or? Al? T (Arabic: ????). Salat is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him who expresses gratitude and worship. Praying five times a day is mandatory but flexibility in time selection is allowed depending on the circumstances. Prayers are read in Arabic, and comprise verses from the Qur'an. Prayers are performed with the chest in the direction of the Kaaba although in the early days of Islam, they are done towards Jerusalem. Apply action is called prayer.
The mosque is a place of worship for Muslims, who often call it by its Arabic name mosque . A large mosque to gather for Friday prayers or Eid al-Fitr prayers is called a mosque. Although the main purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also important for the Muslim community as a place to meet and learn. In Medina, Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, or the Prophet's Mosque, is also a refuge for the poor. Modern mosques have evolved enormously from the early design of the 7th century, and contain various architectural elements such as towers. The means used to signify the prayer time approach is vowel calling, known as an adzan.
Charity
"Zak? T" (Arabic: ???? ? zak? H "alms") gives a fixed share of wealth accumulated by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat; also, to bring the hearts together, free the prisoners, for those who owe (or unbounded workers) and to travelers (who are stranded). It is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the rich are indebted to the needy because their wealth is seen as "the belief of the gift of God". The conservative estimate of the annual zakat is estimated to be 15 times the contribution of global humanitarian aid. The amount of zakah paid on capital assets (eg money) is 2.5% (1/40) per year, for non-poor people.
Shadaqah means an optional charity practiced as a religious obligation and because of generosity. Both the Qur'an and the hadith have much emphasis on spending money for the welfare of the needy, and have urged Muslims to give more as an optional charity. The Qur'an says: Spend something (in charity) from the substance that We give you, before Death should come to you (63:10). One of Muhammad's earliest teachings was that God expects humans to be generous with their wealth and not to be stingy (Quran% 3Averse% 3D1 107: 1-7). Collecting wealth without spending it to meet the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and advised. Another type of charity in Islam is endowments which means perpetual eternal religion.
Fasting
Fasting (Arabic: ??? ? Awm ) of food and drink, among other things, should be done from dawn to dusk during Ramadan. Fasting is to encourage feelings of closeness to God, and during that time Muslims should express their gratitude and dependence upon themselves, atone for their past sins, develop self-control and restraint and think of the needy. Sawm is not mandatory for some groups that would be an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on the circumstances, but the missed failures should be compensated later.
Pilgrimage
The obligatory Hajj of Islam, called ? Ajj (Arabic: ?? ?), Must be done during Islamic month Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. Any able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his lifetime. Hajj rituals include: spending one day and one night in tents in the Mina wilderness, then one day in the desert of Arafah praying and worshiping God, following the footsteps of Abraham; then spent the night in the open, sleeping in the desert in the desert of Muzdalifah; then moved to Jamarat, symbolically pelting Satan by recounting Abraham's actions; then went to Mecca and walked seven times around the Ka'bah which Muslims believed was built as a place of worship by Abraham; then walked seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah telling the steps of Abraham's wife, while he sought water for his son Ishmael in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement. Another form of pilgrimage, Umrah, can be done at any time of the year.
Quran recitation and recitation
Muslims read and memorize all or part of the Qur'an as acts of virtue. Reading the Quran with eloquence has been described as an extraordinary act of worship. Pious Muslims read the entire Quran during Ramadan. In Islamic societies, every social program generally begins with the recitation of the Quran. The person who has memorized the entire Quran is called a hafiz who, being said, would be able to intercede for ten on the Last Judgment Day. Apart from this, almost every Muslim memorizes part of the Quran because they need to read it during their prayers.
Law
Sharia is a religious law that forms part of the Islamic tradition. This is derived from the teachings of Islam, especially the Quran and Hadith. In Arabic, the term shar ?? ah refers to the divine law of God and is contrasted with fiqh , which refers to its scientific interpretation. The manner in which it has been applied in modern times has been the subject of disputes between traditionalist and reformist Muslims.
The traditional theories of Islamic jurisprudence recognize the four sources of shari'a: the Qur'an, Sunnah (Hadith and Sira), qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (juridical consensus). Different law schools develop methodologies to derive Shariah decisions from scripture sources using a process known as ijtihad (inference). Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two major branches of law, ? Ib? D? T (ritual) and mu ?? mall? T (social relations), which together comprise a wide variety of topics. His verdict sets out actions for one of five categories: mandatory, recommended, allowed, hated, and forbidden. Thus, some areas of sharia overlap with Western notions of law while others correspond more broadly with living lives according to God's will.
Historically, sharia is interpreted by independent jurists (mufti). Their legal opinions (fatwas) are taken into account by judges appointed by the rulers who direct the courts, and by courts, controlled by the ruling councils and managed criminal law. In the modern era, sharia-based criminal law is widely replaced by laws inspired by European models. Although the constitution of most predominantly Muslim countries contains referrals to sharia, its classical rules are largely retained only in private (family) law. The legislature that codified this law sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence. The rise of Islam in the late 20th century brought the call of the Islamist movement to the full implementation of sharia. The role of sharia has become a contentious topic throughout the world. There is an ongoing debate over whether Sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, freedom of thought, and women's rights.
Scholar
Islam, like Judaism, has no priest in a sacred sense, like a priest who mediates between God and man. However, there are many terms in Islam that refer to Islamic religious positions. In a broad sense, the term ulema (Arabic: ????? ?) Is used to describe the body of Muslim scholars who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences. A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti (Arabic: span lang = "ar" dir = "rtl"> ???? ?) And often issues a judicial opinion, called a fatwa. A scholar of jurisprudence is called faqih (Arabic: ???? ?). Someone who studies the science of hadith is called muhaddith. A qadi is a judge in an Islamic court. The honors awarded to scholars include shiekh, mullah and maulvi. Imam (Arabic: ???? ?) Is a leadership position, often used in the context of performing Islamic worship.
School of jurisprudence
The school of jurisprudence is referred to as madhab (Arabic: ???? ?). The four main Sunni schools are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali and sometimes? while the two main Shi'ite schools are Ja'fari and Zaidi. Each differs in its methodology, called Usul al-fiqh. The following decision by a religious expert without having to check the reason for the decision is called taqlid. The term Economy
To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade, inhibits the accumulation of wealth and prohibits interest-bearing loans (riba, the term is usury in Arabic). Therefore, wealth is taxed through Zakat, but trading is not taxable. Riba, which allows the rich to become richer without sharing risk, is forbidden in Islam. Profit sharing and venture capital in which the lender is also exposed to risk is acceptable. Food stockpiling for speculation is also not recommended.
Getting someone else's land is also prohibited. Prohibition of riba has resulted in the development of Islamic banking. During Muhammad's time, money sent to the country, immediately used to help the poor. Then in 634, Umar officially established Bayt al-mal state prosperity. The Bayt al-mal or the welfare state is for poor and poor non-Muslims, poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and people with disabilities. Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliph in the 7th century and continued during the Umayyad period and entered the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced Child Benefit and Retirement for children and parents.
Jihad
Jihad means "to fight or to fight" (in God's way). Jihad, in its broadest sense, is "exerting one's strength, effort, endeavor, or best ability to challenge object of rejection". Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the Devil, and aspects of oneself (such as sinful desires), various categories of jihad are defined. Jihad also refers to one's attempt to achieve religious and moral perfection. When used without any qualification, Jihad is understood in its military form. Some Muslim authorities, especially among Shiites and Sufis, distinguish between "greater jihad", which is related to spiritual self-perfection, and "lower jihad", defined as warfare.
In Islamic jurisprudence, jihad is usually interpreted as the mobilization of military personnel against non-Muslim combatants. Jihad is the only form of war that is allowed in Islamic law and can be declared against illegal work, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, apostates, and leaders or countries that oppress Muslims. Most Muslims today interpret Jihad only as a form of defensive warfare. Jihad is only an individual task for those with authority. For the rest of the population, this only happens in the case of general mobilization. For most Shia Twelve, the offensive jihad can only be expressed by the divinely appointed community leader of the Muslim community, and has thus been suspended since Muhammad al-Mahdi'soccultation in 868 AD.
Society
Family life
In Muslim families, the birth of a child is attended by several religious ceremonies. Immediately after birth, Adhan's words are spoken on the child's right ear. On the seventh day, aquiqa ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its flesh is distributed among the poor. The child's head is also shaved, and a sum of money equivalent to the weight of a child's hair is donated to the poor. In addition to meeting basic food, shelter, and education needs, parents or elderly family members also undertake the task of teaching moral quality, religious knowledge, and religious practice to children. Marriage, which serves as the foundation of Muslim families, is a civil contract consisting of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties before two witnesses. The groom is required to pay the bridal gift ( mahr ) to the bride, as stipulated in the contract. Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous. Polyandry, a practice in which a woman takes two or more husbands is forbidden in Islam. However, Muslim men are allowed to practice polygamy, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time, up to a total of four, per Sura 4 Verse 3. A man does not need the consent of his first wife for a second marriage because there is no evidence in the Qur'an or hadith that suggests this. A woman's testimony is considered in Islam worth half of a man. With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim-majority countries, plus a strong presence as a large minority around the world there are many variations on Muslim Weddings. Generally in Muslim families, the scope of a woman's operation is the home and the scope of men is the outside world. However, in practice, this separation is not as rigid as it appears. With regard to inheritance, the son's share is twice that of a girl.
Certain religious rituals are performed during and after the death of a Muslim. People close to the dying encourage him to recite the Shahada because Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith. After death, the body is well bathed by the same gender member and then covered in three-ply white clothing called shroud . Placing the body on a bier, first brought to a mosque where a funeral prayer is offered to the deceased person, and then to the grave for burial.
Etiquette and diet
Many practices fall into the category adab , or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with " as-salamu 'alaykum ", saying bismillah ("in the name of God") before eating, and using only hands right to eat and drink. Islamic hygiene practices mainly fall into the category of personal hygiene and health. Male circumcision is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include saying Salat al-Janazah ("funeral prayer") on the corpses of the bathed and buried bodies, and buried them in the cemetery. Muslims are limited in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from herbivorous animals slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of games that have been hunted or lured to himself. Food that is allowed for Muslims is known as halal food.
Social responsibility
In Muslim societies, various social service activities are conducted by community members. Because these activities are instructed by canonical texts of Islam, the Muslim's religious life appears incomplete if it is not attended by ministry to mankind. In fact, In Islamic tradition, the idea of ​​social welfare has been presented as one of its main values. The 2: 177 verses of the Quran are often cited to sum up the idea of ​​Islamic social welfare. Similarly, duties to parents, neighbors, relatives, sick people, parents, and minorities have been defined in Islam. Respecting and obeying parents, and caring for them especially in their old age has become a religious duty. A twofold approach is generally defined in terms of duties for the family: maintaining good relations with them, and offering them financial assistance if needed. Disconnecting with them has been advised. Regardless of the neighbor's religious identity, Islam teaches Muslims to treat neighbors in the best possible way and not cause difficulties. Regarding orphaned children, the Qur'an forbids the harsh and oppressive treatment of them while urging goodness and justice against them. It also rebukes those who disrespect and feed the orphans (Qur'an 89: 17-18).
Character
The Qur'an and Sunnah Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive moral guidance body for Muslims to follow in their personal, social, political, and religious life. Good moral behavior, good deeds, virtues, and good character come within the scope of moral guidance. In Islam, obedience to moral virtues is always associated with religious significance because it enhances the religious status of believers and is often seen as supererogatory worship. One of the typical Islamic teachings on morality is that punishment of a perpetrator in proportion to their violation is permissible and fair; but forgive the better offender. To go further by offering help to the offender is considered the highest advantage. The Qur'an says: 'Repel (evil) with the best' (41:34). Thus, a Muslim is expected to act only with courtesy as a bad behavior and deeds gain evil. The fundamental moral qualities in Islam are justice, forgiveness, truth, kindness, honesty, and godliness. Other moral virtues that are particularly insistent include but are not limited to charity, fulfillment of promise, modesty and modesty, modesty in speech, tolerance, trust, patience, truth, anger management, and intent.
As a religion, Islam emphasizes the idea of ​​having good character as Muhammad says: 'The best of you are those who have the best manners and character' (Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:73:56). In Islam, justice is not only a moral virtue but also a duty that must be fulfilled in all circumstances. The Qur'an and hadith describe God as being kind and compassionate towards His creatures, and telling people to be just as good. As a virtue, forgiveness is widely celebrated in Islam, and is considered an important Muslim practice. Regarding modesty, Muhammad reportedly said: 'Every religion has its characteristics, and the characteristic of Islam is modesty'.
Government
Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between "church problems" and "state issues"; the scholars function as jurists and theologians. At present there is no government that is compatible with Islamic economic jurisprudence, but steps have been taken to implement some of its principles.
History
Muhammad (610-632)
The Muslim tradition views Muhammad (c 570 - 8 June, 632) as the seal of the prophets. During the last 22 years of his life, beginning at the age of 40 years in 610 CE, according to a living biography, Muhammad reported revelations that he believed came from God, delivered to him through the angel Gabriel ( Gabriel ). Muhammad's friends memorized and recorded the contents of these revelations, known as the Qur'an.
During this time, Muhammad in Mecca preached to people, begging them to abandon polytheism and worship one God. Although some people converted to Islam, the leading Makkah authorities persecuted Muhammad and his followers. This resulted in the Migration to the Abyssinia of some Muslims (to the Aksumite Empire). Many early converts to Islam were poor, foreigners and former slaves like Bilal bin Rabah al-Habashi who were black. The Meccan ÃÆ'Â © lite felt that Muhammad destabilized their social order by preaching about one God and about the equality of the race, and that in the process he gave an idea to the poor and to their slaves.
After 12 years of persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and the boycott of Mecca against the Hashemites, relatives of Muhammad, Muhammad and the Muslims did Hijra ("emigration") to the city of Madinah (formerly known as Yathrib ) in 622. There, with Medinan's followers ( Ansar ) and the Meccan migrants (Muhajirun ), Muhammad in Medina founded his politics and religious authority. The Madinah Constitution was formulated, instituting a number of rights and responsibilities to the Muslim, Jewish, Christian, and pagan communities in Medina, bringing them within the circle of one community - the Ummah.
Constitution established:
- community security
- religious freedom
- the role of Medina as a holy place (banning all violence and weapons)
- women's security
- stable tribal relations within Medina
- the tax system to support communities in times of conflict
- parameters for exogenous political alliances
- a system to provide individual protection
- the justice system to resolve disputes in which non-Muslims can also use their own laws and have their own judges.
All tribes signed an agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and live in harmony among themselves. Within a few years, two battles took place against the Meccan army: first, the Battle of Badr in 624 - the Muslim victory, and then a year later, when the Meccans returned to Medina, the Battle of Uhud, which ended in an inconclusive manner.
Arab tribes throughout the Arabs formed confederation and during the Battle of the Palung (March-April 627) surrounded Medina, intending to end Islam. In 628, the Hudaybiyyah Agreement was signed between Mecca and Muslims and was abolished by Mecca two years later. After the signing of the Hudaybiyyah Agreement, many converts to Islam. At the same time, Mecca's trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought the surrounding desert tribes under his control. By 629, Muhammad won the barbarous Mecca conquest, and at the time of his death in 632 (at age 62) he had united Arab tribes into a religious government.
The first three generations of Muslims are known as Salaf, with the companions of Muhammad known as Companions. Many of them, like the greatest narrator of the hadith Abu Hureyrah, recorded and compiled what would be the sunnah.
Caliphate and civil strife (632-750)
With Muhammad's death in 632, disputes broke over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Abu Bakr, a close friend and companion of Muhammad, became the first Caliph. Under Abu Bakr, Muslims put up rebellion by the Arab tribes in an episode known as the war of Ridda, or "Wars of Apostasy". The Qur'an is compiled into one volume at this time.
The death of Abu Bakr in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar ibn al-Khattab as khalifah, followed by Utsman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Thalib and Hasan ibn Ali. The first four caliphs known in Sunni Islam as al-khulaf? 'ar-r? shid? n ("True Guided Caliphs"). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into parts of the Persian and Byzantine territories.
When Umar was assassinated by the Persians in 644, the election of Uthman as his successor was met with increasing opposition. Copies of the Quran standard are also distributed throughout the Islamic State. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali took the Caliph's position. This led to the first civil war ("First Fitna") about who should be the Caliph. Ali was killed by Kharijites in 661. To avoid further fighting, the new Caliph Hasan ibn Ali signed a peace treaty, surrendered to Mu'awiyah, started the Umayyad dynasty, in return that he did not mention his successor. This dispute over religious and political leadership will lead to divisions within the Muslim community. The majority receive the legitimacy of the first four leaders and are known as Sunnis. A minority disagrees, and believes that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule; they are known as Shiites. Mu'awiyah appointed his son, Yazid I, as the successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680, the "Second Fitna" broke out, in which Husayn ibn Ali was killed in the Battle of Karbala, an important event in Shia Islam.
The Umayyad dynasty conquered the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, the Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh. Indigenous Jewish and Christian populations, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine-Sassanid Battles, often assisting Muslims to take over their lands from Byzantium and Persia, resulted in a rapid conquest.
Generation after Muhammad's death but his contemporaries are known as Tabi'un, followed by Tabi 'al-Tabi'in. Khalifah Umar bin Abd al-Aziz established an influential committee, "The Seven Fuqaha of Medina", led by Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakar. Malik ibn Anas wrote one of the earliest books on Muslim jurisprudence, Muwatta, as the consensus of the experts of the law.
The descendants of Mohammed's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib gathered disaffected non-Arabs, poor Arabs, and some Shiites against the Umayyads and overthrown them, inaugurated the Abbasid dynasty in 750.
Classic era (750-1258)
During this time, the Delhi Sultanate took over the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Religious mission converted Volga Bulgaria to Islam. Many Muslims also went to China to trade, almost dominating the import and export industries of the Song dynasty.
This era is sometimes called the "Golden Age of Islam". Public hospitals established so far (called Bimaristan hospitals), are considered "first hospitals" in the modern sense of the word, and issued the first medical certificate for a doctor's license. The Guinness World Records recognizes Al Karaouine University, founded in 859, as the world's oldest university degree university. This doctor contends to date back to the license to teach in Islamic law schools. Experimental and quantification technique standards, as well as citation traditions, are introduced. An important pioneer in this regard, Ibn al-Haytham is considered the father of modern scientific methods and is often referred to as "the first true scientist in the world". The government pays scientists the equivalent of professional athletes today. It is said that the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions was collected and that Al-Jahiz proposed a theory of natural selection. Ibn Sina pioneered experimental medicine, and was the first doctor to conduct clinical trials. Two of his most famous works, The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, are used as standard medical texts in the Muslim world and later in Europe. Among his contributions are the discovery of infectious diseases, and the introduction of clinical pharmacology. In mathematics, mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra derives from al-jabr . Rumi wrote some of the best Persian poems and is still one of the best-selling poets in America. Legal institutions introduced include trust and charity trust (Waqf).
Al-Shafi'i devised a method to determine the reliability of hadith. During the early Abbasid era, the main Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars like Bukhari and Muslim while the collection of great Shiite traditions by scholars like Al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh was also compiled. Ja'fari jurisprudence was formed from the teachings of Ja'far al-Sadiq while the four Sunnis of Madh'hab, Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i, were founded around the teachings of Ab? ? an? fa, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas and al-Shafi'i respectively. In the 9th century, al-Shafi'i provided the theoretical foundation for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence in his book ar-Ris? Lah . Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir completed the most frequently quoted comments about the Qur'an, Tafsir al-Tabari in the 9th century and Tafsir ibn Kathir in the 14th century, respectively. The philosophers of Al-Farabi and Avicenna sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like Al-Ghazali opposed them and ultimately won.
Caliphs such as Mamun al-Rashid and Al-Mu'tasim make the philosophy of mutazilite as an official belief and impose it on Muslims to follow it. The Mu'tazila is the school of Greek influence of speculative theology called kalam, which refers to dialectics. Many orthodox Muslims reject the mutazili doctrines and condemn their idea of ​​the creation of the Qur'an. In the inquisition, Imam Hanbal refused to adapt and be tortured and sent to an illuminated Baghdad prison cell for nearly thirty months. Another branch of kalam is Ash'ari school founded by Al-Ash'ari.
Some Muslims begin to question the piety of indulgence in worldly life and emphasize poverty, humility and the avoidance of sin based on the rejection of physical desires. Hermits such as Hasan al-Basri will inspire a movement that will evolve into Tasawwuf (Sufism). Beginning in the 13th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, primarily due to efforts to legitimize and reorganize the movement by Al-Ghazali, who developed the model of the Sufi order - a community of spiritual teachers and students.
The first Muslim country declared independently of a unified Muslim state emerged from the Berber Rebellion (739/740-743). In 930, the Ismailis known as the Qarmatians failed to revolt against the Abbasids, sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone, which was finally taken. The Mongol Empire ended the Abbasid dynasty in 1258.
The Pre-Modern Era (1258-20th century )
Islam is spreading with a network of Muslim trade and Sufi activities that extend to Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and the Malay archipelago. Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe. Throughout this stretch, Islam mixes with local culture everywhere, as depicted when the Prophet Muhammad appeared in the epic and Hindu folklore. However, conversion to Islam is not a sudden abandonment of old religious practices; more precisely, it is usually a matter of "assimilation of Islamic rituals, cosmology, and literature to... local religious systems." Immigrants from China began to be assimilated by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study.
The Muslim world was generally in a political decline from the 1800s, especially relative to non-Muslim European powers. This reduction is culturally proven; while Taqi al-Din established an observatory in Istanbul and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century, not a single Muslim country with a major observatory in the twentieth century. The Reconquista, launched against the Muslim empire in Iberia, succeeded in 1492. In the nineteenth century the British Empire had officially ended the Mughal dynasty in India. The Ottoman Empire was destroyed after World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924.
The majority and oldest group of Shiites at that time, the Zaydis, named after the great grandson of Ali, the scholar Zayd ibn Ali, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as most Sunnis do. The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and subsequently conquered all of Iran. The obligatory conversion of Iran to Twelver Shia Islam for most of the Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect in Shia over the sects of Zaidi and Ismaili. Nader Shah, who overthrew the Safavids, tried to improve relations with the Sunnis by spreading Shiism's integration by calling Jaafari Madh'hab.
The revival movement during this period was the 18th century Salafi movement led by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in Saudi Arabia today. Called Wahhabis, their designation is Muwahiddun (unitarian). Based on previous attempts by Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim, the movement allegedly sought to uphold monotheism and purify Islam from what they saw as further innovations. Their passion for idolatrous temples led to the desecration of holy places around the world, including from Muhammad and his friends in Mecca and Medina. In the 19th century, the Deobandi and Barelwi movements began.
Modern (20th-century) time
Contact with industrialized countries is bringing the Muslim population to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrate as compulsory servants, from most of India and Indonesia, to the Caribbean, constituting the largest Muslim population by percentage in America. The resulting urbanization and increased trade in sub-Saharan Africa led Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith, possibly doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914. Muslim immigrants began to arrive, many as guest workers and most of former colonies, in some Western European countries since the 1960s.
There is a growing number of new Muslim intellectuals increasingly separating the eternal Islamic beliefs of ancient cultural traditions. Liberal Islam is a movement that seeks to reconcile religious traditions with the modern norms of secular government and human rights. Its proponents say that there are many ways to read the sacred texts of Islam, and they stress the need to leave room for "independent thinking on religious matters". Women's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam.
The secular powers such as the Chinese Red Guard shut down many mosques and destroy the Qur'an, and the communists of Albania became the first state to ban the practice of every religion. About half a million Muslims were killed in Cambodia by communists who, in his opinion, viewed them as their main enemy and wanted to destroy them because they stood up and worshiped their own gods. In Turkey, the military committed a coup to overthrow the Islamic government, and the hijab was banned in official buildings, as was the case in Tunisia.
Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani, along with his assistant Muhammad Abduh, has been recognized as a pioneer of Islamic awakening. Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam. Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution, often though prohibited. In Iran, the revolution replaced the secular regime with the Islamic state. In Turkey, the Islamist AK Party has been democratically ruling for about a decade, while the Islamic parties did well in elections after the Arab Spring. The Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC), composed of Muslim countries, was established in 1969 after the burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
Piety seems to be deepening all over the world. In many places, the prevalence of hijab is increasingly common and the percentage of Muslims who support Sharia law has increased. With religious guidance increasingly available electronically, Muslims can access a fairly strict view for them rather than relying on state clerics often seen as henchmen.
It is estimated that in 2050, the number of Muslims will be almost the same as the number of Christians worldwide, "largely driven by differences in the fertility and size of the youth population among the major religions of the world, and by people turning their faith." As a sign of this change, most experts agree that Islam grows faster than any other religion in East and West Africa.
Denominations
Sunni
The biggest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam, which makes up 75% -90% of all Muslims and arguably the largest religious denomination in the world. Sunni Muslims also go by the name Ahl as-Sunnah which means "people of the tradition [Muhammad]".
Sunni believe that the first four caliphs were the legitimate successors to Muhammad; because God did not specify a certain leader to replace him and the leaders were chosen. Sunnis believe that anyone who is right and can be a khalifa but they must act in accordance with the Qur'an and Hadith, Muhammad's example and give people their rights.
The Sunnis follow the Quran and Hadith, recorded in the Sunni tradition known as Al-Kutub Al-Sittah (six major books). For legal matters derived from the Qur'an or Hadith, many follow the four Sunni schools of thought: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i. All four accept another validity and a Muslim can choose one that he finds pleasurable. Ahl al-Hadith is a movement that underestimates the sources of jurisprudence outside the quran and sunnah, such as informed opinions (ra'y).
The Salafi movement claims to take the first three generations of Muslims, known as salaf, as a model. In the 18th century, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab led the salafi movement, called by outsiders as Wahhabism, in modern Saudi Arabia. The Deobandi movement was a reformist movement from South Asia, influenced by the Wahhabi movement.
Shiite
The Shia constitute 10-20% of Islam and is the second largest branch.
While the Sunni believe that a Caliph should be chosen by society, the Shia believe that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor and only certain offspring of Ali who can become Imams. Consequently, they believed that Ali bin Abi Talib was the first
Shia Islam has several branches, the most prominent being the Twelvers (the largest branch), Zaidis and Ismailis. Different branches receive different descendants of Ali as Imams. After the death of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq who is considered the sixth Imam by the Twelve and Isma'ilis, the Ismailis recognize his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor while Twelver Shia (Ithna Asheri) follows his other son Musa al-Kadhim as the seventh Imam. Zaydis considered Zayd ibn Ali, Uncle Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, as their fifth Imam, and followed a different line of succession after him. Other small groups include Bohra as well as Alawit and Alevi. Some Shia branches label other Shi'ite branches that disagree with their doctrine as Ghulat.
Sufism
Sufism, or Sufism (Arabic: ???? ?), Is a mystical-ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find personal experiences directly from God. This is not an Islamic sect and its adherents belong to various denominations of Muslims. The classical Sufi scholars have focused on the reparation of the heart and removed it from others except God by utilizing the "intuitive and emotional capabilities" that must be trained to use. Hasan al-Basri was inspired by the pious ideas and curses of worldliness taught by Muhammad and these ideas were later developed by the influential theologian Al-Ghazali. Traditional Sufis, such as Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, and Al-Ghazali, argue that Sufism is based on Islamic teachings and prophetic teachings. Sufi practices such as the worship of the saints have faced strong opposition from followers of Salafism and Wahhabism, which sometimes physically attack Sufi places of worship, leading to a worsening Sufi-Salafi relationship.
The Barelvi Movement is a Sufi-influenced revolutionary movement in Sunni Islam with over 200 million followers, mostly in South Asia. Sufism enjoys a strong resurgence in Central Asia and South Asia. Central Asia is regarded as the center of Sufism. Sufism has played an important role in the battle against the Russian Tsar and Soviet occupation. Here, the different Sufis and their orders are the main sources of religion. Sufism is also strong in African countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Chad and Niger.
Other denominations
Ahmadiyya is an Islamic reform movement (with the Sunni roots) founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad which began in India in 1889 and is practiced by 10 to 20 million Muslims worldwide. Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecy about the coming of the 'Immanies' and the 'Promised Messiah'.Non-denominational Muslims
Non-denominational Muslims are umbrella terms that have been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not identify with certain Islamic denominations. Prominent figures who refused to identify with certain Islamic denominations have included Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Recent surveys report that most Muslims in some parts of the world identify themselves as "only Muslims", although there is little published analysis available on the motivations underlying this response. The Pew Research Center reported that the respondents identified themselves as "Muslim only" is a Muslim majority in seven countries (and plurality in the other three countries), with the highest proportion in Kazakhstan at 74%. At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries identify themselves in this way.
Derived religion
Some movements, such as the Druze, Berghouata and Ha-Mim, either emerge from Islam or come to share certain beliefs with Islam and whether each is a separate religion or an Islamic sect is sometimes controversial. YazdÃÆ' ¢ nism is seen as a mixture of local Kurdish beliefs and the doctrine of the Sufi Islam introduced into Kurdistan by Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir in the 12th century. BÃÆ'¡bism originated from the Shia Twelver through Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab while one of his followers Mirza Husayn' Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah established the Bahai Faith. Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the late 17th century Punjab, combines aspects of Islam and Hinduism. African American Muslim Movement including Nation of Islam, Five-Percent Nation, and Moorish scientists.
Demographics
A comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and regions reports that 23% of the global population, or 1.57 billion people, are Muslim. Of them, it is estimated that more than 75-90% are Sunni and 10-20% are Shia with a small minority belonging to another sect. Around 57 Muslim-majority countries, and Arabs account for about 20% of all Muslims worldwide. The number of Muslims worldwide increased from 200 million in 1900 to 551 million in 1970, and tripled to 1.6 billion in 2010.
The majority of Muslims live in Asia and Africa. About 62% of the world's Muslims live in Asia, with over 683 million adherents in Indonesia, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. In the Middle East, non-Arab countries such as Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in Africa, Egypt and Nigeria have the densest Muslim community.
Most estimates indicate that China has about 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population). However, data provided by the San Diego State University International Population Center to US. News & amp; World Report shows that China has 65.3 million Muslims. Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries, and gradually pursues that status in America, with between 2,454,000, according to the Pew Forum, and about 7 million Muslims, according to the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) United States of America.
According to the Pew Research Center, Islam is set to equate Christianity worldwide in the number of adherents to pad
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