marathon is a remote race, completed by running, running, or running/running a strategy. There is also a wheelchair division. Marathon has an official distance of 42,195 kilometers (26,219 miles, 26 miles 385 feet 0 feet), usually run as a road race. The event was instituted to commemorate the fairy tale of the Greek warrior Pheidippides, a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens, who reported victory.
The Marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events of 1896, though the distance did not become standard until 1921. More than 800 marathons are held worldwide each year, with most competitors becoming recreational athletes since larger marathons can have dozens of thousands participants.
Video Marathon
History
Origin
The name Marathon comes from legend Philippides or Pheidippides, the Greek envoy. Legend states that he was sent from the Marathon battlefield to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon (where he had just fought), which took place in August or September, 490 BC. It is said that he ran all the distance without stopping and burst into the assembly, exclaiming ??????????? ( nenik? kamen , "we have won!"), before fainting and dying. The story of running from Marathon to Athens first appeared in Plutarch's In the Glory of Athens in the 1st century AD, which quotes from the lost works of Heraclides Ponticus, giving the name of the runner Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles. Satiris Lucian of Samosata (2nd century AD) first gave the story closest to the modern version of the story, but was writing a tongue on the cheek, and also named the Philippides runner (not Pheidippides).
There is a debate about the historical accuracy of this legend. The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian War, mentions Philippides as a messenger who fled from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then ran back, traveling more than 240 kilometers (150 miles) each way. In some manuscripts of Herodotus, the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides. Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens, and connects that the main part of the Athenian army, had fought and won an exhausting battle, and feared a naval attack by an unassailable Persian fleet of Athens, moving quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving on the same day.
In 1879, Robert Browning wrote the poem Pheidippides . Browning poem, the composite story, became part of the popular culture of the 19th century and was accepted as a historic legend.
Mount Pentelicus stands between Marathon and Athena, which means that if Philippides really made his famous journey after the battle, he had to run around the mountain, either north or south. The last and clearer route fits almost exactly with the modern Marathon-Athens highway, which follows the lands to the south of Marathon Bay and along the coast, then climbs slowly westward toward the east approach to Athens, between the legs hills Mounts Hymettus and Penteli, and then gently downhill to Athens proper. This route, as it was when the Olympics was revived in 1896, is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) long, and this is the approximate distance originally used for the marathon race. However, there is a suggestion that Philippides might follow another route: climb west along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the Dionysus track, and then a straight line south to Athens. The route is much shorter, about 35 kilometers (22 miles), but includes a very steep ascent of more than 5 kilometers (3.1 mi).
Modern Olympic Marathon
When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers sought a very popular event, recalling the glory of ancient Greece. The idea of ​​the marathon race comes from Michel BrÃÆ' Â © al, who wanted the show to be featured in the first Modern Olympics in 1896 in Athens. This idea is strongly supported by Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks. The Greeks held an election race for the Olympic marathon on March 22, 1896 (Gregorian) won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes (with the winners of the future Olympic marathon introductions, Spyridon "Spyros" Louis, came fifth in the second race two weeks later). The winner of the first Olympic marathon, on April 10, 1896 (men's special race), was Spyridon Louis, the Greek water carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds. The 2004 Summer Olympic Marathon runs on the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the Summer Olympics of 1896. The men's marathon was won by Stefano Baldini of Italy in 2 hours 10 minutes and 55 seconds, the time record for this route until the non-Olympic Athens Classic Marathon 2014, when Felix Kandie lowered the course record to 2 hours 10 minutes and 37 seconds.
The female marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles, USA) and won by Joan Benoit of the United States with 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds.
It has become a tradition for the men's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletic calendar, on the last day of the Olympics. For years the race was completed inside the Olympic stadium; However, at the 2012 London Olympics, the start and finish are at The Mall, and in Rio 2016 (Rio de Janeiro) match, the start and finish are at SambÃÆ'³dromo, the parade area that serves as a spectator center for Carnival.
Often, male marathon medals are awarded during the closing ceremony (including games 2004, games 2012 and 2016).
The men's Olympic record is 2:06:32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya (average speed of about 20.01 kilometers per hour or 12.43 miles per hour). The women's Olympic record is 2:23:07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia. The 2012 London Olympic marathon winner of the men's men is Stephen Kiprotich from Uganda (2:08:01). Per capita, the Kalenjin ethnic group from Rift Valley Province in Kenya has resulted in a highly disproportionate division of marathon and track-and-field.
Marathon mania
The Boston Marathon began on April 19, 1897, and was inspired by the success of the first marathon competition at the Summer Olympics in 1896. It is the world's oldest annual marathon, and ranks as one of the most prestigious street racing events in the world. His journey starts from Hopkinton in southern Middlesex County, to Copley Square in Boston. The victory of Johnny Hayes at the 1908 Summer Olympics also contributed to the early growth of long-distance running and marathon in the United States. Later that year, races around the holiday season including the Empire City Marathon held on New Year's Day 1909 in Yonkers, New York, marked the initial madness referred to as "marathon mania". After the 1908 Olympics, the first five amateur marathons in New York City were held on special meaning days: Thanksgiving Day, the day after Christmas, New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, and Lincoln's Birthday.
Frank Shorter's victory in a marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics will spur national enthusiasm for a more intense sport than the one that followed Hayes's 64-year-old victory. By 2014, an estimated 550,600 runners complete marathons in the United States. This can be compared to 143,000 in 1980. Today's marathon is held worldwide almost every week.
Women's inclusion
For a long time after the Olympic marathon began, there was no long distance race, like a marathon, for women. Although some women, like Stamata Revithi in 1896, have traveled a marathon distance, they are not included in any official result. Marie-Louise Ledru has been credited as the first woman to complete the marathon, in 1918. Violet Piercy has been credited as the first woman officially scheduled in the marathon, in 1926.
Arlene Pieper became the first woman to officially complete a marathon in the United States when she completed Pikes Peak Marathon in Manitou Springs, Colorado, in 1959. Kathrine Switzer was the first woman to run the "official Boston Marathon" (by number). However, Switzer's entry, received through "surveillance" in the screening process, was in "a flagrant violation of rules", and he was treated as an interloper after the error was discovered. Bobbi Gibb had completed the unofficial Boston race the previous year (1966), and was later recognized by the competition organizers as the women's winner for the year, as well as 1967 and 1968.
Maps Marathon
Distance
The length of the Olympic marathon was not right at first, but the marathon race in some of the first Olympics was about 40 kilometers (25 miles), roughly the distance from Marathon to Athens with a longer and more flat route. The exact length depends on the route set for each place.
1908 Olympics
The International Olympic Committee in 1907 agreed that the distance to the London Olympic marathon in 1908 was about 25 miles or 40 kilometers. The organizers decided to travel 26 miles from the start at Windsor Castle to the royal entrance to the White City Stadium, followed by laps (586 meters 2 feet 536 m) from the track, finishing in front of the Royal Box. The course was then changed to use a different entrance to the stadium, followed by a 385 meter partial lap to the same finish.
The standard 42.195 km modern distance for the marathon was established by the International Amateur Athlete Federation (IAAF) in May 1921 directly from the length used at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.
IAAF and world records
The official IAAF marathon course is 42,195 km (tolerance of just 42 m). Course attendants add a short course prevention factor up to one meter per kilometer for their measurements to reduce the risk of measurement errors generating lengths below minimum distance.
For events governed by IAAF rules, it is mandatory that the route be marked so that all competitors can see the distance traveled within kilometers. Rules do not mention mile usage. The IAAF will only recognize world records established in events run under the IAAF rules. For large events, it is common to publish competitor's timings on the middle mark and also at a distance of 5 km; marathon runners can be credited with a world record for a smaller distance recognized by the IAAF (like 20 km, 30 km and so on) if the record is set while the runner marathes, and completes the marathon course.
Marathon race
Every year, more than 800 marathons are held worldwide. Some of them belong to the Marathon International Association and Distance Races (AIMS) that have grown since it was founded in 1982 to embrace more than 300 member events in 83 countries and regions. The Marathon of Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, New York City and Tokyo formed the biennial World Marathon Major series, giving $ 500,000 a year to the best male and female players in the series.
In 2006, Runner's World editors chose "World Top 10 Marathons", where the Amsterdam, Honolulu, Paris, Rotterdam and Stockholm marathons were featured along with the first five World Marathon Major events (excluding Tokyo). Other major major marathons include Marines Marines United States Marathon, Los Angeles, and Rome. Boston Marathon is the oldest annual marathon in the world, inspired by the success of the 1896 Olympic marathon and held every year since 1897 to celebrate Patriot's Day, a holiday marking the beginning of the American Revolution, which deliberately links the struggle of democracy and the people of Athens and America. The oldest annual marathon in Europe is the Ko'lam Peace Marathon, held since 1924 in Ko 'ice, Slovakia. The historic Marathon Polytechnic was discontinued in 1996. The Athens Classic Marathon traced the route of the 1896 Olympic course, beginning in Marathon on the east coast of Attica, where the Battle of Marathon was 490 BC, and ended at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens.
Midnight Sun Marathon is held in TromsÃÆ'¸, Norway at 70 degrees north. Using unofficial and temporary courses, measured by GPS, race marathons are now held in the Arctic, in Antarctica and above the desert. Unusual marathons include the Great Wall Marathon at The Great Wall of China, the Big Five Marathon between South Africa's wildlife safari, the Great Tibetan Marathon - a marathon in the atmosphere of Tibetan Buddhism at a height of 3,500 meters (11,500 feet), and the Polar Circle Marathon on a permanent ice sheet in Greenland.
The Intercontinental Istanbul Eurasia Marathon is the only marathon in which participants run more than two continents (Europe and Asia) during one event. At Detroit Free Press Marathon, participants crossed the US/Canada border twice. The Niagara Falls International Marathon includes an international border crossing, via the Peace Bridge from Buffalo, New York, USA to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada.
Distribution of wheelchair
Many marathons feature a wheelchair distribution. Usually, those in the wheelchair division start their race earlier than their running counterpart.
The first wheelchair marathon was in 1974 in Toledo, Ohio, won by Bob Hall at 2:54. Hall competed in the Boston Marathon 1975 and finished at 2:58 pm, inaugurated the introduction of the wheelchair division to Boston Marathon. From 1977 the race was declared a US National Wheelchair Championship. The Boston Marathon gives $ 10,000 to the winning reel-athlete. Ernst van Dyk has won the Boston Marathon ten-wheelchair division and held the world record at 1:18:27, in Boston in 2004. Jean Driscoll won eight times (seven times in a row) and held the women's world record at 1:34 am: 22.
The New York City Marathon banned wheelchair entry in 1977, citing security concerns, but later voluntarily allowed Bob Hall to compete after the Human Rights State Division ordered the marathon to show the cause. The Division decided in 1979 that the New York City Marathon and New York Road Runners club should allow wheelchair athletes to compete, and confirmed this in appeal in 1980, but the Supreme Court of the State decided in 1981 that the wheelchair riders ban was not discriminatory. because marathon is historically a leg race. However, in 1986 14 competing athletes competed, and the official wheelchair division was added to the marathon in 2000.
Some of the fastest people to complete the wheelchairs include Thomas Geierpichler (Austria) who won gold in the male T52 class marathon (no down foot function) in 1 hour 49 minutes 7 seconds in Beijing China, on September 17, 2008; and, Heinz Frei (Switzerland) who won the male T54 marathon (for racers with spinal cord injuries) within 1 hour 20 minutes and 14 seconds in Oita, Japan, October 31, 1999.
Statistics
World record and best in the world
The world record is not officially recognized by the IAAF until 1 January 2004; Previously, the best time for marathon was called the 'best world'. The course must comply with the IAAF standard for records to be acknowledged. However, the marathon route still varies greatly in terms of altitude, path, and surface, making proper comparisons impossible. Typically, the fastest time is set above a relatively flat program near sea level, during good weather conditions and with the help of speed determinants.
The current world record time for men in the distance is 2 hours 2 minutes and 57 seconds, set in Berlin Marathon by Dennis Kimetto of Kenya on 28 September 2014, an increase of 26 seconds from the previous record set at Berlin Marathon by Wilson Kipsang, also from Kenya on 29 September 2013. The world record for women was set by Paula Radcliffe of Great Britain at the London Marathon on April 13, 2003, in 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds.
List all time
- Right since April 2018.
The oldest Marathoner
Fauja Singh, then 100, completed the Toronto Waterfront Marathon, becoming the first hundred years of age to officially complete the distance. Singh, a British national, completed the race on October 16, 2011 with a time of 8: 11: 05.9, making him the oldest marathon runner. Since Singh was unable to produce a birth certificate from the 1911 Indian Colonial countryside, his birthplace, his age could not be verified and his records were not accepted by the official World Masters Athletics regulatory body.
Johnny Kelley ran his last full Boston Marathon at a documented age of 84 in 1992. He had previously won the Boston Marathon respectively in 1935 and 1945. Between 1934 and 1950, Johnny finished in the top five 15 times, consistently running at 2:30 and finished second to a record seven times in Boston. A fixture in Boston for more than half a century, early 1992 61 and the 58th finish in Boston is a record that still stands today.
Gladys Burrill, 92-year-old Prospect, Oregon lady and Hawaiian part-time resident, previously holds Guinness World Records title from the eldest person to complete marathon with her performance for 9 hours 53 minutes at the Honolulu 2010 marathon. Static Association Notes Street racing, at that time, however, suggested that Singh was the oldest marathon runner, completing the 2004 London Marathon at age 93 and 17, and that Burrill was the oldest female marathon runner, completing the Honolulu Marathon 2010 at the age of 92 and 19 days. Singh's age was also reported 93 by other sources.
By 2015, Harriette Thompson of Charlotte, North Carolina, 92, completed Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathon in 7 hours 24 minutes 36 seconds, becoming the oldest woman to complete the marathon. While Gladys Burrill is 92 and 19 days old when he completes his record marathon, Harriette Thompson is 92 and 65 days old when he finishes hers.
The youngest Marathoner
Budhia Singh, a boy from Odisha, India, completed her first marathon at the age of three. He was trained under coach Biranchi Das, who saw the potential in him. In May 2006, Budhia was temporarily forbidden to run by the minister of child welfare, because his life could be at risk. His coach was also arrested for exploitation and cruelty to a child and then killed in an unrelated incident. Budhia is now in a state-run sports academy.
Participation
By 2016, Running USA estimates that there are about 507,600 marathon runners in the United States, while other sources report more than 550,000 players. The chart below from Running USA provides a total US Marathon Finisher forecast back to 1976.
Running a marathon has become an obsession in China, with 22 marathon competitions in 2011 rising to 400 by 2017. By 2015, 75 Chinese runners participate in the Boston Marathon and this increases to 278 by 2017.
Many marathons
Since marathon runs have become more popular, some athletes have done challenges involving running a series of marathons.
The 100 Marathon Club is intended to provide a focal point for all runners, especially from the UK or Ireland, who have completed 100 or more marathon-length races or longer. At least 10 of these shows must be United Kingdom or Ireland Road Marathon. Club chairman Roger Biggs has run over 700 marathons or ultras. Brian Mills completed his 800th marathon on September 17, 2011.
Steve Edwards, a member of the 100 Marathon Club, set a world record to run 500 marathons in the fastest 3-hour fastest completion time of 3 hours 15 minutes, at the same time being the first to run 500 marathons with official time under 3 hours 30 minutes November 11, 2012 in Milton Keynes, England. The record takes 24 years to achieve. Edwards was 49 years old.
More than 350 people have completed marathons in every US state plus Washington, D.C. and some have done it eight times. Beverly Paquin, a 22-year-old nurse from Iowa, is the youngest woman who ran a marathon in 50 states in 2010. A few weeks later, still in 2010, Morgan Cummings (also 22) became the youngest woman to complete marathons in 50 states and DC. In 2004, Chuck Bryant of Miami, Florida, who lost his right leg under the knee, became the first person amputated to complete this circuit. Bryant has completed a total of 59 marathons on his prosthesis. Twenty-seven people have marathons on each of the seven continents, and 31 have married in each of Canada's provinces. In 1980, in what was termed the Marathon of Hope, Terry Fox, who had lost a leg for cancer and ran on one artificial leg, reached 5,373 kilometers (3,339 mi) of the proposed Canadian-proposed cancer fund raising trip, maintaining an average more than 37 kilometers (23 mi), close to the planned marathon distance, for each of the 143 consecutive days.
On September 25, 2011, Patrick Finney from Grapevine, Texas became the first person with multiple sclerosis to complete a marathon in every state of the United States. In 2004, "the disease made him unable to walk, but did not want to endure a weak life, Finney managed to regain his ability to balance himself on two legs, walking - and finally running - through extensive rehabilitation therapy and new drugs."
In 2003, British adventurer Sir Ranulph Fiennes completed seven marathons on seven continents in seven days. She completed this feat despite suffering a heart attack and having heart bypass surgery two months earlier. This accomplishment has been eclipsed by Irish ultramarathon runner Richard Donovan who in 2009 completed seven marathons on seven continents in less than 132 hours (five and a half days). Beginning February 1, 2012 he increased this by completing 7 out of 7 under 120 hours or in less than five days.
On November 30, 2013, the 69-year-old Larry Macon set the Guinness World Record for the Most Marathon Run of the Year by Man running 238 marathons. Larry Macon celebrates his 1,000 career marathon at Cowtown Marathon in Ft. Worth on February 24, 2013.
Another goal is to try to run a marathon on a series of consecutive weekends (Richard Worley on 159 weekends), or to run the most marathon during a particular year or the most in a lifetime. A pioneer in running several marathons was Sy Mah of Toledo, Ohio, who ran 524 before he died in 1988. On June 30, 2007, Horst Preisler of Germany had successfully completed 1214 marathons plus 347 ultramarays, a total of 1561 events at a marathon distance or more long. Sigrid Eichner, Christian Hottas and Hans-Joachim Meyer have also completed more than 1000 marathons each. Norm Frank of the United States is credited with 945 marathons.
Meanwhile, Christian Hottas is the first runner ever to finish 2,000 marathons. He ran his 2000 at TUI Marathon Hannover on May 5, 2013 along with a group of over 80 friends from 11 countries, including 8 officers from 100 Marathon Marathon Clubs, North America, Germany, Denmark, Austria and Italy. Hottas completed the 2500th marathon on December 4, 2016.
In 2010, Stefaan Engels, a Belgian, set out to run a marathon every day of the year. Due to a foot injury he had to use a handbike near the end of January 2010. However, on February 5 he fully recovered and decided to reset the counter back to zero. Until March 30, he broke the existing record of Akinori Kusuda, from Japan, who completed 52 consecutive marathons in 2009. On February 5, 2011, Engels has been running 365 marathons within a few days. Ricardo Abad MartÃÆ'nez, from Spain, then ran 150 marathons in 150 consecutive days in 2009, and then 500 marathons in a row, from October 2010 to February 2012.
Some runners compete to run the same marathon for several years in a row. For example, Johnny Kelley completed 58 Boston Marathons (he entered the race 61 times). Currently, Boston Marathon's longest streak ends - 45 in a row - held by Bennett Beach, Bethesda, Maryland.
Olympic medalist
Men
Female
World Championship medalist
Male
Woman
Running
Most of the participants did not run marathons to win. More important for most runners is their personal finish time and their placement in their gender and age groups, though some runners just want to finish. Strategies to complete the marathon include running the entire distance and run-walk strategy. In 2005, the average marathon time in the US was 4 hours 32 minutes 8 seconds for men, 5 hours 6 minutes 8 seconds for women. By 2015, the median men and women marathon time is 4 hours 20 minutes 13 seconds and 4 hours each 45 minutes 30 seconds.
The goal of many runners aims to break a particular time constraint. For example, recreational beginners often try to run a marathon within four hours; More competitive runners can try to finish in under three hours. The other benchmark is the qualifying time for the big marathon. The Boston Marathon, the oldest marathon in the United States, takes qualifying time for all non-professional runners. New York City Marathon also requires qualifying time to enter on bail, at a much faster pace than Boston.
Typically, there is a maximum allowable time of approximately six hours after the marathon route is closed, although some larger marathons make the road much longer (eight hours or more). Many marathons around the world have time limits that require all runners to cross the finish line. Anyone who is slower than the limit will be picked up by the sweeper bus. In many cases, marathon organizers are required to reopen the streets to the public in order for traffic to return to normal.
With the growing popularity of marathoning, many marathons across the United States and the world have filled capacity faster than ever before. When Boston Marathon opened its registration for operations in 2011, field capacity was filled in eight hours.
Training
Long term is an important element in marathon training. Recreational sprinters typically try to reach a maximum of about 32 km (20 miles) in their longest weekly time and a total of about 64 km (40 mi) a week when training for marathons, but wide variability exists in practice and in recommendations. More experienced marathon runners can run further this week. Greater weekly training mileage can offer better results in terms of distance and endurance, but also carries a greater risk of training injuries. Most elite male marathon runners will have weekly mileage over 160 km (100 mi). It is recommended that those newly run should get a checkup from their doctor, as there are certain warning signs and risk factors to be evaluated before undertaking a new exercise program, especially marathon training.
Many training programs last at least five or six months, with a gradual increase in long-distance runs and ultimately, for recovery, a reduction period in the weeks before the race. For beginners who only want to complete a marathon, a minimum of four months running four days a week is recommended. Many trainers recommend weekly increases in mileage of no more than 10%. It is also often recommended to keep a consistent program running for six weeks or more before starting a marathon training program, to allow the body to adapt to new stresses. The marathon training program itself will think of a variation between hard and easy training, with a general plan period.
Training programs can be found on the World Runner website, Hal Higdon, Jeff Galloway, and the Boston Athletics Association, and in various other published sources, including certain marathon sites.
Last long-term training is possible up to two weeks before the event. Many marathon runners are also "carbo-loaded" (increasing carbohydrate intake while maintaining a constant calorie intake) for a week before the marathon to allow their bodies to store more glycogen.
Glycogen and "wall"
Carbohydrates consumed by a person are converted by the liver and muscles into glycogen to be stored. Glycogen burns quickly to provide quick energy. Runners can save about 8 MJ or 2,000 kcal of glycogen in their bodies, enough for about 30 km/18-20 miles running. Many runners report that running becomes more difficult at the time. When glycogen runs low, the body must obtain energy by burning stored fat, which does not burn easily. When this happens, the runner will experience dramatic fatigue and is said to "hit the wall". The purpose of training for marathons, according to many trainers, is to maximize the limited glycogen available so that the "wall" fatigue is not so dramatic. This is done in part by exploiting a higher percentage of energy from burning fat even during the early phase of the race, thereby saving glycogen.
Carbohydrate-based "energy gel" is used by runners to avoid or reduce the effect of "hitting the wall", as they provide easy to digest energy during the run. Energy gel usually contains various amounts of sodium and potassium and some also contain caffeine. They need to be consumed with a certain amount of water. Recommendations for how often to take energy gel over a wide range of races.
Alternatives to the gel include various forms of concentrated sugar, and simple high-carbohydrate foods that can be easily digested. Many runners are experimenting with consuming energy supplements during the training to determine what is best for them. The consumption of food while running sometimes makes runners sick. Runners are advised not to consume new foods or drugs just before or during the race. It is also important not to take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen), because they can change the way the kidneys regulate blood flow and can cause serious kidney problems, especially in cases involving moderate dehydration to heavy. NSAIDS block COX-2 enzyme pathways to prevent prostaglandin production. These prostaglandins can act as inflammatory factors throughout the body, but they also play an important role in maintaining water retention. In less than 5% of the entire population taking NSAIDS, individuals may be more sensitive to negative inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis.
After marathon
Marathon participation can lead to a variety of medical, musculoskeletal, and dermatologic complaints. Delayed onset of muscle pain (DOMS) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week after a marathon. Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to reduce pain due to DOMS. Dermatological problems often include "putting jogger", "runner's foot", and abrasions.
The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time. Changes in blood chemistry can cause doctors to misdiagnose heart damage.
After long exercise and marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and proteins to help muscle recovery is usually recommended. In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for about 20 minutes in cold water or ice can force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.
Health risks
Running marathons has various health risks. Training and the race itself put the runner under pressure. Although rare, even death is likely during the race.
Common health risks include injuries such as blisters, tendonitis, fatigue, knee or ankle sprain, dehydration (electrolyte imbalance), and other conditions. Many are categorized as excessive injuries.
Heart health
By 2016, a systematic medical review found that the risk of sudden cardiac death during or immediately after marathon was between 0.6 and 1.9 deaths per 100,000 participants, varying across specific studies and methods used, and not controlling age or sex. Because of the small risk, cardiac screening programs for marathons are rare. However, this review is not an attempt to assess the overall cardiovascular health impact of a marathon run.
A 2006 study of non-elite Boston marathon participants tested runners for specific proteins that showed heart damage or dysfunction (see Troponin) and gave them an echocardiogram scan, before and after the marathon. The study revealed that, in a sample of 60 people, runners who have done less than 56 km (35 mi) of weekly training before the race are most likely to show some heart damage or dysfunction, while runners who have performed more than 72 km (45 × mi) weekly training shows little or no heart problems.
According to a Canadian study presented in 2010, a marathon run can temporarily result in a decrease in the function of more than half the muscle segments in the cardiac main pumping chamber, but adjacent segments are generally able to compensate. Full recovery is achieved in one to three months. The runners are fitter, the less the effect. According to one researcher: "Regular exercise reduces cardiovascular risk by a factor of two or three in the long run, but while we do strenuous exercise like a marathon run, the risk of the heart increases sevenfold."
Hydration
Excessive consumption is the most significant problem associated with water consumption during marathons. Drinking excessive amounts of fluids during a race can cause sodium dilution in the blood, a condition called exercise-related hyponatremia, which can cause vomiting, seizures, coma and even death. Dr. Lewis G. Maharam, medical director for New York City Marathon, stated in 2005: "No reported cases of dehydration cause death in world history, but there are many cases of people dying of hyponatremia."
For example, Dr. Cynthia Lucero died at the age of 28 years while participating in Boston Marathon 2002. It was Lucero's second marathon. At mile 22, Lucero complains of feeling "dehydrated and rubbery." He immediately vibrated and fainted to the ground, and was unconscious at the moment the paramedics reached him. Lucero was admitted to Brigham and Women's Hospital and died two days later.
The cause of Lucero's death is determined to be a hyponatremic encephalopathy, a condition that causes brain swelling due to a blood imbalance of sodium known as exercise-related hyponatremia (EAH). While EAH is sometimes referred to as "water poisoning," Lucero drank a large amount of Gatorade during the race, suggesting that runners who consume sodium-containing sports drinks more than thirst can still develop EAHs. Because hyponatremia is caused by excessive water retention, and not just the loss of sodium, the consumption of sports drinks or salty foods can not prevent hyponatremia.
Women are more susceptible to hyponatremia than men. A study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that 13% of runners who completed the Boston Marathon 2002 had hyponatremia.
Liquid intake should be individually adjusted as factors such as weight, sex, climate, speed, fitness (VO 2 max), and sweat levels are just a few variables that change the fluid requirement between people and races. The International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA) suggests that runners drink sports drinks that contain carbohydrates and electrolytes, not water and runners should "drink for thirst" rather than feel forced to drink at each liquid station. Exposure to heat causes a decrease in thirst and thirsty drive may not be enough incentive to drink in many situations. The IMMDA and HSL Harpur Hill provide recommendations for drinking fluids in small volumes often at approximate levels falling between 100-250Ã, ml (3.4-8.5Ã, USÃ, flÃ, oz) every 15 minutes. A patient suffering from hyponatremia can be given a small volume of intravenously concentrated salt solution to increase the concentration of sodium in the blood. Some runners weigh themselves before running and write the results on their lips. If something goes wrong, first aid workers can use heavy information to find out if the patient has consumed too much water.
Body temperature
Heat stroke expedition is an emergency condition where thermoregulation fails and body temperature rises dangerously above 104 Â ° F (40 Â ° C). This becomes a greater risk in warm and humid weather, even for young and fit individuals. Treatment requires rapid physical cooling of the body.
Charity engagement
Some charities seek to mix with different races. Some marathon organizers set aside some of their limited entry slots for charitable organizations to sell to members in exchange for donations. Runners are given the option to register to run certain races, especially when marathon entries are no longer available to the general public.
In some cases, charities organize their own marathons as fundraisers, obtaining funds through entry fees or through sponsorship.
Mars rover marathon
By 2015 the Mars Rover Opportunity reaches the distance of the marathon from its original location on Mars, and the valley where it reaches this distance is called Marathon Valley, which is then explored.
See also
- List of marathon races
- List of marathoners
- List of marathon runners who are specialists who do not run
- List of national marathon (male) champions
- Pacemaker (running)
- National record in marathon
- Ekiden (marathon relay)
- Marathon at Paralympics
- Marathon world record progression
- Half marathon
- Man versus Horse Marathon
- Marathon mountain
- Racing multiday
- Ironman Triathlon
- Marathon skis
- 100 Marathon Club
Notes and references
- Notes
- References
Bibliography
- Hans-Joachim Gehrke, "From Athena's identity to ethnic Europe: Marathonic cultural biography of Marathon myth," in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.), Ethnic Construction in Ancient Times: The Role of Power and Tradition (Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 85-100.
- Hans W. Giessen: Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot ÃÆ'¼ber BrÃÆ' Ã… © al bis zur Gegenwart. (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft Band 17). Verlag Empirische PÃÆ'¤dagogik, Landau 2010
- Tom Derderian, Boston Marathon: History of the World's Largest Running , Human Kinetics, 1994, 1996
External links
- List of IAAF marathon records in XML
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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