The rifle (also known as scattergun, or historically as a fowling piece ) is a firearm usually designed to fire from the shoulder, which uses energy from a permanent shell to fire a small number of spherical pellets called shots, or solid projectiles called snails. Rifles come in a variety of sizes, ranging from 5.5 mm (0.22 inches) boring up to 5 cm (2.0 inches), and in a variety of firearm operation mechanisms, including breech loading, single barrel, double or rifle combinations, pumps, bolts, and lever-action, semi-automatic, and even fully automatic variants.
The first rifle was a fine firearm, meaning that the inside of the barrel was not robbed but then the rifle barrel and the shaken rifle fragments became available. The smoothbore firearms that preceded it, like a rifle, were widely used by soldiers in the 18th century. The direct ancestor of the rifle, blunderbuss, was also used in the same roles from self-defense to riot control. It is often used by cavalry troops because the length is usually shorter and easier to use, as well as by the trainer for its great strength. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were largely replaced on battlefields with firearms smashed into handkerchiefs, which were more accurate in longer ranges. The military value of the rifle was rediscovered in the First World War, when American troops used a 12-gauge pumping action gun in a close-range battle trench for great effects. Since then, it has been used in various roles in civil, law enforcement, and military applications.
The pellet is fired from the shotgun spread after leaving the barrel, and the strength of the combustion charge is divided between the pellets, which means that the energy of a single shot ball is low enough. In the context of hunting, this makes the rifle very useful especially for hunting birds and other small games. However, in a military or law enforcement context, a large number of projectiles make these rifles useful as combat weapons at close range or defense weapons. Militants or guerrillas may use rifles in asymmetric battles, such as rifles commonly owned by civilian weapons in many countries. The rifle is also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sport clay. It involves clay clay, known as clay pigeon, thrown in various ways.
Video Shotgun
Characteristics
The rifles come in various shapes, from very small to large punt weapons, and in almost every kind of firearms operation mechanism. General characteristics that make a unique gun center around shooting firing requirements. These features are typical features of the shotgun shell, which is relatively short, wide, with straight wall cartridges, and operates at relatively low pressure.
Ammunition for rifles is called in USA as bullet rifles, shotshells, or just shells (when not likely to be confused with artillery shells). The term cartridge is a standard usage in the UK.
This shot is usually fired from the smoothbore barrel; Another configuration is a slug rifled barrel, which fires more accurate solitary projectiles.
Maps Shotgun
Usage
The typical use of rifles is against small and fast moving targets, often while in the air. Spreading the shot allows the user to point a shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim exactly as in the case of one projectile. Shot losses are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why the rifle is used on short distances, and usually against smaller targets. The larger shot size, up to the extreme case of a single projectile slug load, results in increased penetration, but at the expense of fewer projectiles and lower probability of reaching the target.
In addition to the most common use of small, fast-moving targets, these rifles have several advantages when used to fight silent targets. First, it has enormous stopping power at close range, more than almost any pistol and many rifles. Although many believe that a rifle is a great firearm for inexperienced shooters, the reality is, close range, the spread of the shot is not too great, and competence in aiming is still needed. The typical self-defense load of the bucket contains 8-27 large lead pellets, resulting in multiple trajectories on the target. Also, unlike full-blown rifle bullets, each shot pellet tends not to penetrate the wall and hit the observer. It is favored by law enforcement because of its low penetration and high stopping power.
On the other hand, the potential punch of a defensive rifle is often exaggerated. Typical defensive shots are picked up at very close range, where the shot charge expands no more than a few centimeters. This means the rifle should still be aimed at the target carefully. Balancing this is the fact that the shot spreads further after entering the target, and some of the wound channels from defensive loads are much more likely to produce crippling wounds than guns or pistols.
Sporting
Some of the most common gun usages are skeet shooting, trap shooting, and sport clay. It involves clay clays, also known as clay pigeons, thrown by hand and by machine. Both skeet and trap competitions are featured in the Olympics.
Hunting
The rifle is popular for hunting birds (called "game-shoot" in the UK, where "hunting" refers to hunting mammals with a group of dogs), it is also used for more common hunting forms especially in semi-populated areas which range of shotgun bullets can pose a danger. The use of a fine bore rifle with a rifled slug or, alternatively, a shotgun rifle with snail sabot, increases accuracy to 100 m (110 y) or more. This is well within reach of the majority of killing shots by experienced hunters using shotguns.
However, given the relatively low muzzle velocity of ammunition, usually about 500 m/s (about 1,600 feet per second), and a less smooth blunt form of a typical snail (which causes them to lose speed very quickly, compared to rifle bullets), a hunters should pay close attention to ballistic special ammunition used to ensure effective and humane killing shots.
At any reasonable range, the shotgun slug makes effective lethal wounds because of its extraordinary mass, reducing the amount of time that animals may suffer. For example, a typical 12 gauge shotgun slug is a blunt piece of metal that can be described as 18 mm (0.729 in) caliber weighing 28 grams (432 grains). For comparison, the common deer hunting rifle is 7.62 mm (0.308 inches) slug weighing 9.7 grams (150 grains), but the dynamics of rifle cartridges allow for different types of wounds, and a much farther range..
The rifle is often used with a rifle barrel at an unauthorized location to hunt with a rifle. Typically, sabotage snails are used in these vats for maximum accuracy and performance. Rifles are often used to hunt whitetail deer in thick brushes and briers from Southeastern and upper Midwestern United States, where, due to dense cover, the range tends to be close to - 25m or less.
The snail sabot is essentially a very large vacuum bullet, and simplified for maximum rotation and accuracy when shot through a rifled barrel. They have a greater range than the older Foster and Brenneke slugs.
People often use semi-automatic shotgun or pumps to hunt waterfowl to a small game.
Law enforcement
In the US and Canada, guns are widely used as supporting weapons by police forces. One reason for removing rifles is that, even without much training, an officer may be able to reach targets at close range with medium distances, due to the "widespread" effect. This is largely a myth, due to an average 8 foot split in the 25 feet, which is still very capable of losing the target. Some police forces replace the rifle in this role with a karabin rifle like AR-15. The rifle was also used in a roadblock situation, where police blocked the highway to find a car for a suspect. In the US, law enforcement officers often use riot guns, especially for crowds and riot control where they can be loaded with non-lethal bullets such as rubber bullets or peanut bags. The rifle is also often used as a breaker to beat the key.
Military
Guns are common weapons in military use, especially for special purposes. The rifle is found in a naval vessel for the safety of the ship, because its weapon is very effective in close proximity as a way to drive off the riders who board enemy ships. In naval settings, stainless steel guns are often used, as ordinary steel is more susceptible to corrosion in the marine environment. The rifle is also used by military police units. US Marines have used rifles since their inception at the troop level, often in the hands of the NCO, while the US Army often takes them to the point of the men's squad. The rifle has been modified for and used in World War I trench warfare, in World War II forest battles and Vietnam. The rifle is also used in Iraq, which is popular with soldiers in urban fighting environments. Some US units in Iraq use rifles with special frangible breaking rays to blow the key from the door when making a surprise entry to the residence.
Home and personal defense
Rifles are a popular way of house defense for many of the same reasons they are preferred for melee tasks in law enforcement and the military.
Design features for various uses
Compared to guns, heavier, bigger, and less maneuverable guns at close range (which also present larger retention problems), but have these advantages:
- They are generally much stronger.
- The average shooter can involve multiple targets faster than with a gun.
- They are generally considered more intimidating.
- On average, pump-quality action guns are generally cheaper than quality pistols (own loading rifles are generally more expensive than an action-pump counterpart).
- When loaded with smaller shots, the rifle will not penetrate the wall as easily as a gun and a pistol bullet, making it safer for non-combatants when fired or around the population structure. This comes at a price, however, because a smaller shot may not be sufficient in penetrating causing an immediate disabling wound; those who recommend birdshots to minimize wall penetration also suggest to back it up with greater slash if the first shot fails to stop the threat.
Type
Various rifle forms can lead to some significant differences between what is technically a gun and what is legally perceived as a rifle. A considerable effort to define a rifle is made in the United States Code (18 USC 921), which defines a rifle as "designed or redesigned, made or recreated weapon, and intended to be shot from the shoulders, and designed or redesigned. or remade to use explosive energy in a fixed shotgun to shoot through fine holes in either the number of single ball shots or projectiles for each trigger pull. "It is even more widely defined in English law:" a fine drill rifle does not become an air weapon "(s.1 (3) (a) of the 1968 Arms Law).
Snail rifled, with finned rifling designed to allow projectiles to be fired safely through a choked barrel, is an example of a projectile. Some rifles have long barrel rifles and are designed to be used with "sabot" bullets, one of which is usually wrapped in a two-piece plastic ring (sabot ) designed to peel after coming out of the barrel, leaving the bullet, now spinning after passing through the rifled barrel, to continue towards the target. These rifles, even though they have rifles, still use rifle-style rifles instead of rifle bullets and may actually still fire regular multipellet combat rifles, but the rifle in the barrel will affect the pattern of the shot. The use of scratched barrel obscures the distinction between rifle and shotgun, and the fact that shotgun rifles are quickly seized under the name Paradox just for that reason. The hunting law can distinguish between barrel and barrel of barrel rifle.
Combat guns are rifles designed for offensive purposes, usually for the military.
The riot rifle has long been a synonym for rifles, especially the short barrel guns. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was used to disperse protesters, rioters and revolutionaries. Large spray shot ensures large groups will be hit, but light shots will ensure more injuries than casualties. When the soil is paved, police officers often reflect shots from the ground, slowing down shots and spreading patterns further. To this day, special police and defensive rifles are called riot guns. The introduction of rubber bullets and rounds of peanut bags ended the practice of using shots for the most part, but riot rifles were still used to fire off non-lethal rotations for riot control.
Pottery or sawmill is a shortened barrel gun, making it easier to control, easier to use in close proximity and easier to hide. Many countries set the minimum legal barrel length that hinders easy concealment (this length is 18 inches (460 mm) in the US and 24 inches in the UK). The sawed rifle is sometimes known as "lupara" (in Italian the general reference for the word "lupo " ("wolf")) in Southern Italy and Sicily.
Coach weapons are similar to sawmills, unless they are manufactured with a 46 cm (18 ") barrel and are legal for civil ownership in some jurisdictions.The coach weapons are also more often associated with America.The old colonial period in the West or Australia, and is often used to hunt in bushes, shrubs, or swampy soil where a longer barrel will be heavy or impractical.
Backpacker rifles have a short barrel and either a full size or a pistol grip, depending on the law in the intended market. The overall length of this weapon is often less than 90 cm (35 inches), with some sizes less than 63 cm (25 inches). These weapons are usually the rest action of.410 "gauges" (caliber), the design of a barrel without magazines and no automatic lontar capability. They usually use a cylinder hole and are sometimes available in a modified choke as well.
Backpacker rifles are popular for "home defense" purposes and as a "survival" weapon. Other examples include various "survival" weapons.101/rifle produced above/below the design. In drilling settings, the rimfire or centrefire rifle barrel is located beneath the 0.410 gun barrel. Generally, there is an external manual manually hammered and an external selection lever to select which cartridge caliber will turn on. A noteworthy example is Springfield Armory M6 Scout, a.410/.22 issued to United States Air Force personnel as a "survival" weapon in the event of a forced landing or an accident in the wilderness area. Variants have been used by Israeli, Canadian and American armed forces. Rifle-gun rifles with two, three, and sometimes even four barrels are available from a number of makers, especially Europeans. It provides flexibility, allowing hunters to effectively shoot small flushing birds or small mammals while carrying a single rifle.
History
The earliest firearms, such as blunderbuss, arquebus, and muskets have large diameter, smoothbore barrels, and can fire shots and solid balls. Firearms intended to be used in the shooting of bird wings are known as fowling pawns . The 1728 Cyclopaedia defines a piece of fowling as:
- Fowling Piece, a Portable Fire Arm for Bird shooting. See Fire Arm.
- From Fowling Pieces, they are considered the best, which has the longest Barrel, vis. from 5 1 / 2 to 6th leg; with Bore indifferent, under Harquebus: Tho 'for their Different Chances of Various Sorts, and Sizes. But in all, it is important that the Barrel polish well and smooth inside; and Bore all Bigness, from one End to the other...
For example, the Brown Bess rifle, in service with the British army from 1722 to 1838, had a 19 mm (0.75 inch) smoothbore barrel, roughly equivalent to a 10 gauge rifle, and 157 cm (62 in) long, just short on top recommended cm 168 (5 1 / 2 feet). On the other hand, notes from the Plymouth colony indicate a maximum length of 137Ã,¼ (4 1 / 2 feet) for fowling pieces, shorter than rifles ordinary.
Shots are also used in war; loading bucks and balls, combining rifle balls with three or six grenades, used throughout the smoothbore muscle history. The first recorded usage of the term rifle was in 1776 in Kentucky. It was noted as part of the "western border language" by James Fenimore Cooper.
With the adoption of smaller holes and rifled barrel, the gun began to emerge as a separate entity. Rifles have long been the preferred method for bird sport hunting, and the biggest guns, punt weapons, are used for commercial hunting. The double barrel rifle has changed little since the development of the boxlock action in 1875. Modern innovations such as interchangeable chokes and subgauge inserts make double-barreled guns of choice in skeet, shooting traps, and sport clay, as well as with many hunters.
Since wing shooting has become a prestigious sport, special weapons specialists such as Krieghoff or Perazzi have produced luxurious double-barreled weapons for rich European and American hunters. These weapons can cost US $ 5,000 or more; several presentation rings decorated with ornaments have been sold for up to US $ 100,000.
During its long history, rifles have been favored by bird hunters, guards, and law enforcement officers. The rifle has fallen and is disliked by military forces several times in its long history. Rifles and similar weapons are simpler than long-range rifles, and developed earlier. The development of remote rifles is more accurate and lethal to minimize the usefulness of rifles in the open battlefields of the European war. But soldiers have "rediscovered" special rifles to be used many times.
19th century
During the 19th century, guns were mainly used by cavalry units. Both sides of the American Civil War used rifles. The US cavalry used the rifle extensively during the Indian War in the second half of the 19th century. Fitted units mounted with rifles for the effectiveness of moving targets, and smashed melee weapons. The rifle is also favored by citizen militias and similar groups.
With the exception of the cavalry unit, the rifle was increasingly rarely used throughout the 19th century on the battlefield. As a defense weapon, this weapon remained popular amongst guards and lawmen, and it became one of the many symbols of Old Western America. Lawman Cody Lyons killed two people with rifles; The only one confirmed by his friend, Doc Holliday, is with a shotgun. The weapons used by these two men are short-barreled versions favored by personalized iron box guards on stilts and trains. These guards, called express messengers, are known as rifle envoys, as they ride with weapons (full of buckshot) for defense against bandits. Passenger cars carrying iron boxes usually have at least one private guard armed with rifles in front of the coach, next to the driver. This practice has survived in American slang; the term "riding shotgun" is used for passengers sitting in the front passenger seat. The rifle is a popular weapon for personal protection in Old West America, requiring less skill on the part of the user than the gun.
Non-helmeted rifle
The origin of a hammered gun is European but not vague. The first broomstick rifle originated in France and Belgium in the early 19th century (see also Pinfire history) and some of them like Robert and Chateauvillard from the 1830s and 1840s did not use a hammer. Even during these decades various clever weapons, including rifles, adopted what is now commonly known as the 'needle-fire' method for powering cargo, where firing pins or sharper needles provide the necessary impact. The UK's most widely used non-finger shotgun shotgun is an unusual chain-barreled racer by Joseph Needham, produced from the 1850s. With the 1860s hammerless weapons are increasingly being used in Europe both in war and sports although the hammer weapons are still very much. The first significant increment on a hammer gun is a hammered patent that can be used with conventional side locks. This was the 1871 action of British gunman T Murcott who was nicknamed the 'mouse trap' for his stubborn action. However, the most successful hammerless innovations of the 1870s were the boxlock patents of Anson and Deeley in 1875. This simple yet clever design uses only four moving parts allowing for the production of more expensive and reliable rifles.
Daniel Myron LeFever is credited with the invention of the rifle without the American hammer. Working for Barbers & amp; LeFever in Syracuse, N.Y. he introduced his first hammer rifle in 1878. This weapon was cocked with an external lever on the side of the breech. He went on to patent the first truly automatic hammer rifle in 1883. This weapon automatically tilts itself when the breech is closed. He then developed a mechanism to automatically remove the shell when the breech is opened.
John Moses Browning
One of the people most responsible for the modern development of the rifle was the prolific weapon designer John Browning. While working for Winchester Firearms, Browning revolutionized the design of the rifle. In 1887, Browning introduced the 1887 Lever Action Repeating Shotgun Model, which included a new cartridge from an internal magazine with the operation of the action lever. Prior to this time most rifles were of an 'open break' type.
This development was greatly overshadowed by two further innovations which he introduced in the late 19th century. In 1893, Browning produced the Model 1893 Pump Action Shotgun, which introduced pump actions now known to the market. And in 1900, he patented Browning Auto-5, the first semi-automatic rifle in the world. The Browning Auto-5 remained in production until 1998.
World war
The decline in military use of reverse rifles in World War I. American troops under General Pershing used 12-gauge pumping action guns when they were deployed to the Western front in 1917. The rifle was equipped with bayonets and a heat shield so that the barrel could be gripped while bayonets were deployed. The rifle installed in this mode is known as the ditch weapon by the United States Army. Those without such modifications are known as riot guns. After World War I, the US military began referring to all the rifles as riot guns.
Due to the narrow trench warfare conditions, American rifles are very effective. Germany even filed an official diplomatic protest against their use, accusing them of violating the laws of war. The judge advised the general to review the protests, and it was rejected because Germany protested the use of lead shot (which should have been illegal) but the military shot was plated. This is the only chance the legality of the use of rifles in warfare has been questioned.
During World War II, the rifle was not widely used in the war in Europe by official military forces. However, the rifle was a favorite weapon of supporters of Allied supporters, such as the French Resistance. In contrast, in the Pacific theater, thick woods and heavily guarded positions make the rifle the favorite weapon of the United States Marines. Marines tend to use pump shotguns, as pump action is less likely to be jammed under conditions of damp and dirty Pacific campaigns. Similarly, the US Navy uses pump rifles to guard ships when at ports in Chinese ports (eg, Shanghai). The Air Force of the United States Air Force also uses pump rifles to keep bombers and other aircraft against saboteurs when parked at air bases in the Pacific and on the West Coast of the United States. Pump and semi-automatic rifles are used in shooting skills training, especially for bomber shooters. The most common pump guns used for these tasks are the 12 gauge Winchester Model 97 and Model 12. The open rest action, a single barrel gun is used by the UK Front Guard and US home security forces. In particular, industrial centers (such as Gopher State Steel Works) are guarded by National Guard troops with the 12 12 gauge Winchester Model Rifles.
End of the 20th century to present
Since the end of World War II, the gun remains a special weapon for modern troops. It has been deployed for specific tasks where its strength is exploited very well. It was used to keep gun machine guns during the Korean War, American and French forest patrols using rifles during the Vietnam War, and rifles saw widespread use as a near-quarter door and weapon offensive in the early stages of the Iraq War, and saw limited use in tank crews. Many modern navies use guns extensively by personnel involved in boarding hostile vessels, as every shot fired will almost surpass the short distance. Nevertheless, rifles are much less used in military than guns, carbines, submachineguns, or pistols.
On the other hand, rifles have become standard in the use of law enforcement. Various non-lethal or non-lethal ammunition, such as tear gas shells, peanut bags, flares, explosive sonic explosive bullets, and rubber projectiles, all packaged in 12 rifle rifles, are produced specifically for law enforcement markets. Recently, Taser International introduced self-sustaining electronic weapons fired from a standard 12 gauge rifle.
Rifles remain a standard firearm for hunting around the world for all kinds of games from birds and small games to big games like deer. The flexibility of the rifle as a hunting weapon continues to increase as the more advanced bullet and rifle barrel have provided longer gun range and higher killing power. Rifles have become firearms everywhere in the hunting community.
Design factor
Action
Action is the term for the weapon operating mechanism. There are many types of rifles, usually categorized by the number of barrels or the way the gun is reloaded.
Break-action
For most of the history of the rifle, the two-time breech break-action is the most common type, usually divided into two subtypes: a traditional "adjoining" rifle has two barrels mounted one next to the other (as the name suggests), while the rifle "in up and down "has two barrels mounted one on top of the other. Side by side shotguns are traditionally used for hunting and other sporting activities (long barreled long barrel rifles known as "poultry pieces" for hunting ducks and other birds), while guns above and below are more often associated with recreation. use (like clay pigeon and shoot skeet). Both types of double barrel rifles are used for hunting and sports use, with individual configurations largely being a matter of personal preference.
Another less common type of break-action gun is a combination weapon, which is a design above and below with a single barrel rifle and a barrel of rifle (more often than the rifle above, but the rifle at the bottom is not uncommon). There is also a class of break weapons called drilling, which contains three barrels, usually two barrels with the same measuring device and barrel of the gun, although the only common theme is that at least one barrel becomes a barrel of a rifle. The most common arrangement is basically a side-by-side rifle with a gun barrel below and in the middle. Usually drilling containing more than one barrel of the rifle will have both barrel rifles in the same caliber, but the examples do exist with different barrel caliber, usually 0.22 long rifles and center fire cartridges. Although very rare, drilling with three and even four (a vierling ) rifle barrels is made.
Action pump
In an action-pump shotgun, the forearm sliding grip (pump ) works the action, extracting the spent shell and inserting the new one while tilting the hammer or striker while the pump is working. The pump gun is usually fed from a tubular magazine under the barrel, which also serves as a guide for the pump. These rotations are inserted one by one through the ports at the receiver, where they are lifted by a lever called elevator and pushed forward into space by a bolt. A pair of hooks on the back of the magazine hold the round in place and facilitate the delivery of one shell at a time. If it is desired to load the rifle completely, the round can be loaded through the ejection port directly into the room, or bicycle from the magazine, which then ends with another round. Notable examples include Winchester Model 1897, Remington 870 and Mossberg 500/590.
Pump-action rifles are general hunting rifles, fowling and sports. Hunting models generally have a barrel between 600 and 700 mm (24 "-28"). Feeding tube models designed for hunting often come with dowel sticks or other stops put into the magazine and reduce the capacity of the gun to three shells (two in magazines and one chamber) as mandated by US federal law when hunting for migratory birds. They can also be easily used with blank magazines as single-shot weapons, by simply dropping the next round to be fired into the open ejection port after the spent spin is removed. For this reason, pumping actions are typically used to teach beginner shooters under surveillance, because trainers can load each round faster than with rest action, while unlike resting actions, students can keep their grip on the gun and concentrate. on proper handling and firing of weapons.
Pump action shotgun with shorter barrels and few or no barrel chokes are popular for use in home defense, military and law enforcement, and commonly known as riot weapons. The minimum barrel length for the rifle in most of the US is 18 inches (460 mm), and the barrel is long (sometimes 18.5-20 in (470-510 mm) to increase magazine capacity and/or make sure the gun is legal without measuring difference) is the primary choice for anti-riot rifles. The shorter barrel makes the weapon easier to maneuver around the bend and in the narrow space, although a slightly longer barrel is sometimes used outdoors for a more rigorous dispersion pattern or an increase in projectile slug accuracy. Home-defense and law enforcement guns are usually booths for 12-gauge shells, providing maximum firepower and use of projectiles such as buckwheat, rubber, sandbags and snail skin, but 20-gauge (common in bird hunting rifles)) or.410 common in a teen-sized rifle) are also available in defense-type rifle models that allow for easier use by the novice shooter.
Rifle guns have many advantages over guns or rifles. Compared to the "caliber defense" of the gun (chamber for 9mm Parabellum,.38 Special,.357 Magnum,.40 S & amp; W.45 ACP and the like), the rifle has much greater damage and potential damage (up to 10 times folding muzzle energy from.45 ACP cartridge), enabling a more difficult "one-shot stop" achieved with common handgun loads. Compared to rifles, anti-riot rifles are easier to maneuver because of shorter barrels, still providing better damage potential at indoor distances (typically 3-5 meters/yard), and reducing the risk of "overpenetration"; ie, bullets or shots that pass completely through the target and continue outside, which poses a risk to those behind the target through the wall. The widespread deployment of the shot reduces the importance of gunshot placement compared to a projectile, which increases the effectiveness of "point shooting" - quickly aiming only by aiming the weapon toward the target. This allows easy and quick usage by beginners.
Lever-action
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Early attempts at repeating rifles are always centered around bolt design or lever-action, drawing inspiration from contemporary recurrent rifles, with successful early repeating rifles being the Winchester M1887 action lever, designed by John Browning on the orders of the Winchester Repeating Arms. Company.
Lever shotguns, while less common, were popular in the late 19th century with the Winchester Model 1887 and Model 1901 being prime examples. Initially very popular, demand was reduced after the introduction of pump-action rifles around the beginning of the 20th century, and production was finally discontinued in 1920.
One big problem with the action-lever (and fewer pump actions) is that early shotgun shells are often made from similar paper or brittle materials (modern hull is plastic or metal). As a result, loading of shells, or work of rifle action, can often cause the cartridge to become destroyed and become unusable, or even damage the rifle.
Lever shotguns have been looking back at the weapons market in recent years, however, with Winchester producing the Model 9410 (0.410 shell-size rifle pack and using the Winchester Model 94 series lever-action rifle, hence the name), and a handful of other firearm producers Norinco from China and ADI Ltd. Australia) produced a version of the Winchester Model 1887/1901 designed for 12-gauge non-smokeless modern shotshells with a more durable plastic casing. There has been a sharp rise in leverage-action gun sales in Australia since 1997, when pumping measures are effectively banned.
Bolt-action
The action-bolt rifles, while not common, do exist. One of the most notable examples is the 12-gauge produced by Mossberg featuring a 3-round magazine, marketed in Australia only after changes to weapons laws in 1997 severely restricted the ownership and use of pump and semi-automatic rifles. They are not a huge success, as they are a bit slow and awkward to operate, and the fire rate feels slower (on average) than a double-barreled gun. The Rifle Factory Ishapore in India also produces a shot shot of a.410 bullet based on the SMLE Mk III * rifle. The Russian Shotgun effectively fired a shotgun shot one-shot that became obsolete, and then modified for a 16-gauge rifle gun rifle for civilian sale. M26 US military is also a bolt action weapon. The action-bolt rifles have also been used in "goose gun" applications, which are intended to kill birds like geese in the larger range. Usually, goose guns have a long barrel (up to 36 inches), and a small magazine fed bolt. The action-bolt rifles are also used in conjunction with bullet slugs for the maximum possible accuracy of the rifle.
In Australia, some axial rifles, such as Turkish-made Pardus BA12 and Dickinson T1000, American C-More Competition M26, and SHS STP 12 indigenous, have become an increasingly popular alternative to the Guns-gun lever, largely due to better ergonomics with less pressure on the trigger trigger hand and the fingers when cycling the action.
Semi-auto
Gas, inertia, or retreat from action operated is another popular method for increasing the shotgun rate; this is generally referred to as autoloader or semi-automatic. Instead of performing actions manually operated by a pump or lever, the action automatically swings whenever a rifle is fired, removes an exhausted shell and reinserts a new bullet into space. The first successful semi-automatic rifle was John Browning's Auto-5, first produced by Fabrique Nationale starting in 1902. Other notable examples include Remington 1100, Benelli M1, and Saiga-12.
Some, such as Franchi SPAS-12 and Benelli M3, are able to switch between semi-automatic action and pumps. It's popular for two reasons; firstly, some jurisdictions prohibit the use of semi-automatic action for hunting, and lower, lower powered rounds, such as "little hoop" shells and many less lethal cartridges, have insufficient power to reliably cycle the semi-automatic rifle.
Automatic
A fully automatic rifle, such as Auto Assault-12 (AA-12) also exists, but is still rare.
More
In addition to the commonly encountered rifle action, there is also a rifle based on the design of the Martini-Henry rifle, originally designed by British arms maker W.W. More green.
Some of the more exciting advances in rifle technology include the versatile and fully automatic NeoStead 2000 like Pancor Jackhammer or Auto-Assault 12.
In 1925, Rodolfo Cosmi produced the first semi-automatic prototype prototype hybrid prototype, which has an 8-round magazine located in stock. While it's automatically reloaded after every shot like semi-automatic, it has a rest-action to load the first shell. This design has only been repeated once, by Beretta with their UGB25 automatic rifles. The user loads the first shell by breaking the shotgun by means of a break-action rifle, then closing it and inserting the second shell into the clip on the right side of the gun. The issued hull is ejected downward. Weapons combine the advantages of resting actions (they can be proven safe by opening, no flying hulls) with those of semi-automatic (low reverse, low barrel axle position then a low burst of snout).
The French arms manufacturer, Verney-Carron, produces a VÃÆ'Â Â ® loce air rifle, a lever-sized blowback firearm like a similarly designed SpeedLine rifle. The VÃÆ' Â © loce is basically an inertia-driven semi-automatic rifle, but after a blowback, the bolt is stuck by the bolt stops and will not return to the battery unless the bolt stops being released manually by pressing the thumb lever near the pliers from the gunstock. This design makes the gun technically not really a self-loading weapon, and Verney-Carron describes it as a "manual repetition rifle".
Gauge
The measuring number is determined by the weight, in the fraction of a pound, of a solid spherical bulb with a diameter equal to the inner diameter of the barrel. Thus, a 10 gauge rifle must nominally have an inner diameter equal to a ball made of one tenth of a pound of lead. Each measuring instrument has a caliber set. By far the most common gauges are 12 (0.729 in, 18.5 mm in diameter) and 20 (0.614 in, 15.6 mm), although 67 (0.410 diameters), 32, 28, 24, 16, and 10 (19, 7 mm). mm) gauge also exist.
Different measuring instruments have different distinctive applications. Twelve measuring rifles are common for hunting geese, big ducks, or other bigger gamebirds; professional skeet and trap shooting; military applications; and home defense applications. The sixteen-gauge rifle was once common for hunters who wanted to use only one shotgun for gamebirds usually pursued with twelve or twenty gauge rifles, but has become rare in recent years. Twenty measuring rifles are often used for gamebirds such as doves, small ducks, and quails. Twenty-eight measuring guns are not common, but classic quail hunting weapons. 0.410 rifles are usually used for squirrel hunting or for athletes who are looking for the challenge of killing the game with a smaller load.
Others, less common rifle bullets have their own unique uses. The CCI ammunition producer produces 9 mm (0.355 inches) and several other popular caliber pistols up to 0.45 ACP and 0.22 (5.5 mm) to be fired from the gun. This is commonly called snake shot cartridges. Larger gauges, up to 4 holes, too strong for the shoulders, have been built, but are generally affixed to small boats and referred to as blunt weapons. It is used to hunt commercial waterfowl, to kill large numbers of birds that rest on water. Single and double derringers have also been produced that are capable of firing.45 (Length) Colt or.410 shotguns from the same space; they are commonly known as "snake weapons", and are popular among some outsiders in the South and Southwest regions of the United States. There are also some revolvers, such as the Taurus Judge, capable of firing a round of.45LC/.410; but like derringer, this is a gun that shoots.410 a shotgun rifle, and is not always considered a rifle.
The unusual boring (10,4 mm).410 is measured in inches, and will be about 67 "real" gauge, although the short stomach version is nominally called 36 gauge in Europe. It uses relatively small charge shots. This is used for hunting and for skeet. Because of its very light recoil (about 10 N), it is often used as a starting weapon. However, the small and overcrowding usually makes it harder to reach the target. It is also often used by expert shooters due to difficulties, especially in expensive and over/under models for hunting small birds games such as quail and pigeons. The low-cost bolt.410 rifle is the first hunting rifle that is very common among young pre-teen hunters, as they are mostly used for squirrel hunting, while it also teaches the skill-action manipulation skills to be easily transferred then to the adult hunting rifle. Most of these young hunters rose to 20-gauge in a few years, and to measure 12 full-size hunting rifles and rifles by their late teenagers. However, many are very reluctant to choose to stick with 20-gauge rifles throughout their adult life, as this is a gauge suitable for widely used popular hunting.
The recent innovation is the re-loading of barrels, where barrels are bored slightly larger than their true size. This reduces the compression force on the shot when transitioning from space to barrel. This leads to a slight decrease in vision, and an increase in firing pattern due to reduced deformation of the shot.
Shot
Most of the rifles are used to fire "a number of ball shots", in addition to slugs and sabot. Bullets or ball pellets are mostly made of lead but these have been partially replaced by bismuth, steel, tungsten-iron, tungsten-nickel-iron and even polymer tungsten loads. Non-toxic loads are required by Federal law to hunt waterfowl in the US, because shots may be ingested by waterfowl, believed by some authorities to cause health problems due to lead exposure. This portrait is called birdshot or buckwheat depending on the size of the shot. Informally, the bird pellet has a diameter smaller than 5 mm (0.20 inches) and the bucket is greater than that. The pellet size is indicated by numbers; for this bird shot ranges from 12 smallest (1.2 mm, 0.05 inch) to 2 (3.8 mm, 0.15 inches) and then BB (4.6 mm, 0.18 inches).
For buckwheat, the number usually starts at 4 (6.1 mm, 0.24 inches) and drops to 1, 0, 00 ("doubled"), 000, and finally 0000 (9.7 mm, 0.38 inches ). A different informal difference is that the "bird shot" pellet is small enough that it can be measured into the cartridge by weight, and simply poured, while the "puff" pellet is so large that it must be stacked inside the cartridge in a fixed geometric setting. to fit. The diameter in a hundredth of an inch the size of a birdshot from # 9 to # 1 can be obtained by reducing the size of the shot from 17. So, # 4 bird shoot is 17 - 4 = 13 = 0.13 inch (3.3 mm) in diameter. Different terminology is used outside the United States. In the UK and Australia, for example, 00 shooting cartridges are commonly referred to as "S.G." (small game) cartridges.
Pattern and choke
Photographs, small and round and sent roundlessly, ineffectively ballistic. When the shot left the barrel began to spread in the air. The resulting pellet clouds are known as gunshots, or diffuse shotgun rifles. The ideal pattern is a circle with uniform distribution throughout, with enough density to ensure sufficient pellets will cut the target to achieve the desired result, such as killing when hunting or break when shooting clay targets. In reality this pattern is closer to the Gaussian, or normal distribution, with higher densities at the center gradually diminishing by the edges. Patterns are usually measured by firing on a 30 inch (76 cm) diameter circle on a large sheet of paper placed at varying distances. The hits inside the circle are calculated, and compared to the total number of pellets, and the pattern density inside the circle is checked. The "ideal" pattern will place almost 100% pellets in a circle and has no cavities - any area where the target silhouette will fit and does not include 3 or more holes considered a potential problem.
The narrowing at the end of the barrel known as the choke is used to adjust the pattern for different purposes. Chokes can be formed as part of the barrel at the time of manufacture, by pressing the tip of the bore above the mandrel, or by extending the barrel and stirring in a replaceable choke tube. Chokes usually consist of a cone-shaped part that gradually shrinks from the bore diameter to the choke diameter, followed by the cylinder part of the choke diameter. Briley Manufacturing, a replaceable shotgun maker, uses a conical section about 3 times the length of bore diameter, so shots are gradually squeezed with minimal deformation. The cylindrical part is shorter, typically 0.6 to 0.75 inches (15 to 19 millimeters). The use of replaceable choke has made it easier to adjust the performance of the given shotgun and shotshell combinations to achieve the desired performance.
Choke should be adjusted to the target range and size. Firing skeet shoots at close targets may use a 127 micrometer (0.005 inch) narrowing to produce a 76 cm (30 inch) diameter pattern at a distance of 19 m (21 yd). A shooter trap shoots on a target that is far possible using 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) of constriction to produce a 76 cm (30 inch) diameter pattern at 37 m (40 yd). Chokes specifically for hunting turkeys, which require long-range shots on the head and neck of small birds, can reach as high as 1500 micrometers (0.060 inches). The use of too many chokes and small patterns increases the difficulty of hitting the target, while the use of too few chokes produces a large pattern with insufficient density of the pellet to break the target or kill the game reliably. "Cylinder cylinder" has no constriction. See also: Slug barrel
Other special choke tubes also exist. Some turkey hunting tubes have greater constriction than "Super Full", or additional features like porting to reduce recoil, or "straight rifling" designed to stop any spins that a shot column might get when walking down the barrel. These tubes are often extended tubes, which means they are projecting beyond the end of the hole, giving more room for things like cone parts again. Image dispersers or diffusion plugs work in opposition to normal chokes - they are designed to spread more shots than cylindrical holes, resulting in a wider pattern for shorter distance usage. A number of recent plugs, such as Briley's "Diffusion", actually use rifling in the choke to spin a few shots, creating a wider spread. The Briley diffusion uses a 1 cm 36 cm spin, just like the Lion Paradox FABARM rifle.
The oval plugs, designed to provide a pattern of shots that are wider than tall, are sometimes found on combat rifles, especially those from the Vietnam War era. They were available for the aftermarket addition in the 1970s from companies like A & amp; W Engineering. The Ithaca 37 military version with the duckbill was used in limited numbers during the Vietnam War by the US Navy Seals. This can be said to increase effectiveness in close range involvement of multiple targets. Two major disadvantages hit the system. One is an erratic pattern. The second is that the shot will spread too fast by providing a limited effective zone.
Choke offset, where the pattern is intentionally slightly outside the center, is used to change the point of impact. For example, the offset choke can be used to create double barrel rifles with barreled barrel touching the same spot as both barrels.
Barrel length
The rifle generally has a longer barrel than a modern rifle. Unlike rifles, the long gun barrel is not for ballistic purposes; the gun shell uses a small charge powder in large drill diameter, and this leads to very low muzzle pressure (see internal ballistics) and changes very little with increasing length of the barrel. According to Remington, modern powder in a rifle is actually in 25 (9.8425 in) to 36 (14.173 inch) cm barrels.
Since the rifle is generally used to shoot at small and fast moving targets, it is important to target lead by firing slightly in front of the target, so that when the shot reaches the target range, the target will move into the pattern. At uphill shooting, this means firing above the target. On the contrary, in the shooting down, this means firing below the target , which is somewhat counter-positive for many beginner hunters. Depending on the length of the barrel, the number of leads used will vary for different lengths of the barrel, and should be learned by experience.
Rifles are made for close range, where the target angular velocity is very good (like hunting birds or birds in the highlands), tend to have shorter barrels, about 24 to 28 inches (610 to 710 millimeters). Rifle for remote shooting, where small angular velocities (traps, quail, birds, and waterfowl hunting), tend to have longer barrels, 28 to 36 inches (910 mm). Longer casks have greater angular momentum, and therefore will swing more slowly but more steadily. Short and low angle momentum barrels swing faster, but less steady. This length is for pump or semi-automatic rifles; break open guns have a shorter overall length for the same length of barrel, and thus will use longer barrels. The open break design saves between 9 and 15 cm (3.5 and 5.9 inches) overall in length, but in many cases it pays for this by having two barrels, which add weight on the muzzle, and usually just add a few centimeters. The barrel for the rifle is getting longer because modern steel and production methods make the barrel stronger and lighter; longer and lighter barrels provide the same inertia to reduce overall weight.
Rifles for use against larger and slower targets generally have shorter barrels. Small game rifles, for hunting games such as rabbits and squirrels, or rifles for use with buckwheat for deer, usually size 56 to 61 cm (22 to 24 inches).
A rifle intended for all-round hunting is a compromise, but a 12 to 74 cm (28 to 29 inch) barrel gun with 12-gauge shots with modified choke can be used admirably for use as a weapon devoted to hunt for a versatile generally. small games such as quails, rabbits, pheasants, doves, and squirrels in forest areas or semi-open farmland in much of the eastern United States (Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee) where the solid brush is less of a hindrance and the ability to have more range important. To hunt with a dense brush, shorter barrel lengths are often preferred when hunting the same type of game.
Ammunition
The enormous caliber of bullet rifles has caused different types of ammunition.
Shotshells is the most commonly used round, filled with lead pellets or alternate leads.
From this general class, the most common subset is birdshot , which uses a large number (from tens to hundreds) of small pellets, intended to create a broad "killing spread" to hunt birds flying. Shellfish are described by the size and number of deep pellets, and are numbered in reverse order (the smaller the number, the larger the pellet size, similar to the bore gauge). The size of nine (# 9) shots is the smallest size normally used for hunting and is used on small birds in the highlands such as pigeons and quails. Larger sizes are used to hunt for bigger plateau birds and waterfowl.
Buckshot is similar to but bigger than a birdshot, and was originally designed to hunt for larger games, such as deer (hence the name). While the emergence of more accurate new slug technology makes the draw less attractive for hunting, it is still the most common choice for police, military, and home defense. Like a birdshot, the buckshot is explained by the size of the pellet, with larger numbers indicating a smaller shot. From the smallest to the largest, the size of the size is: # 4, (called "number four"), # 1, 0 ("one-existing"), 00 ("double"), 000 ("triple-aught ") and 0000 (" four-aught "). The special round for defensive use is a size of 12 buckets (7.0 cm) long buck 00 buck shell, which contains 9 pellets of about 8.4 mm (0.33 inches) in diameter, each comparable to 0.38 specific bullets in potential damage. The new "tactical" buckshot round, designed specifically for defensive use, use slightly less shot at lower speeds to reduce recoil and improve gun control capability. There are several rifles specially designed for effective police use from 50 meters (46 m) with a 20 "diameter grouping of balls.
The Slug round is a round that fires a solid snail. They are used to hunt big games, and in certain military and law enforcement applications. Modern snails are quite accurate, especially when fired from special slug barrels. They are often used in "gun-only" hunting zones near inhabited areas, where guns are prohibited because of their greater reach.
Sabots are a common type of snail rotation. While some snails are exactly like that - a 12-gauge metal projectile in a sabot-bullet is a smaller but more aerodynamic projectile surrounded by "shoes" than some other material. This "sabot" jacket seals the barrel, increases pressure and acceleration, while also pushing the spin on the projectiles in the rifled barrel. After the projectile clears the barrel, the sabot material falls, leaving unmarked aerodynamic bullets to continue toward the target. Advantages over traditional snails are increased firepower, increased bullet velocity due to light-mass bullets, and increased accuracy due to speed and reduction of snail deformation itself. Traditional snails versus snails include lower muzzle momentum due to reduced mass, reduced damage due to smaller bullet diameter, and significantly higher unit cost per unit.
Special ammunition
The unique properties of rifles, such as large capacity, large holes, and lack of rifling, have led to the development of a variety of specialized shells, ranging from novelties to high-tech military rounds.
Hunting, defensive, and military
Brenneke and Foster type slugs have the same basic configuration as normal snails, but have improved accuracy. The back of Foster's snail's back increases accuracy by placing more mass in front of the projectile, thereby inhibiting the "falls" that normal snails can produce. Snail Brenneke takes this concept a bit further, with an additional blob that stays connected to the projectile after it is discarded, increasing accuracy. Both snails are commonly found with fins or ribs, which are intended to allow projectiles to safely squeeze during travel through choking, but they do not improve stability in flight.
The Flechette round contains aerodynamic arrows, typically from 8 to 20 in number. Flechette provide a very long range due to their aerodynamic shape, and better light armor penetration. American troops during the Vietnam War crowded round their own flechette rifle, called the honeycomb round , after the same artillery round. However, terminal performance is bad because of the very lightness of flechettes, and its use is rapidly declining.
Rotate grenade using exploded projectiles to increase deadly distance. This is currently experimental, but British FRAG-12, which comes in the form of High Explosive (HE), High Explosive Armor-piercing (HEAP) and High Explosive Fragmenting Antipersonnel (HEFA), is being considered by military forces.
Non-lethal circuit, to control melee and animals
Flexible baton spin , commonly called bean bag , fire cloth bag filled with birdshot or similarly loose and solid substance. The "punch" effect of the bag is useful to knock down the target; round is used by the police to subdue the violent suspects. The bean bag round is by far the most commonly used non-lethal spin. Due to the large surface area of ​​this spin, they lose speed rapidly, and should be used in a range short enough to be effective, although used in very short spans, under 3 m (9.8 ft), may cause fractures or other. serious or deadly injury. The rounds can also fly in fashion like a frisbee and cut off the person or animal being fired. For this reason, this type of rotation is referred to as less lethal, compared to less lethal.
Gas shells spray gas cones for several meters. It is mainly used by riot police. They usually contain pepper gas or tear gas. Another variant launched a gas-grenade-like projectile.
Rock salt shells are hands that are filled with rough rock salt crystals, replacing standard fault or steel shots. Rock salt shells can be seen as a pioneer of a modern non-lethal spin. In the United States, rock salt and rock shells are sometimes still used by rural civilians to defend their property. Fragile salt is unlikely to cause serious injury over long distances, but will cause painful stinging wounds and warnings. British beekeepers have used rock salt shells to prevent poachers. Instead of going into a physical confrontation, they stalk the hunters, making themselves known by the cry of "Run!" right before shooting, to avoid hitting the eye that now fled in the eye.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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