Video Naval history of World War II
Before and after the war
At the beginning of World War II, the Royal Navy was still the world's strongest navy, with the largest number of warships built and with naval bases around the world. More than 15 warships and battlecruisers, 7 aircraft carriers, 66 cruisers, 164 destroyers and 66 submarines. In the course of the war, the United States Navy thrived when the United States faced two front wars in the ocean. By the end of World War II the US Navy was bigger than any other navy in the world.
United States
The United States Navy thrived during World War II from 1941-45, and played a central role in the Pacific theater in the war against Japan. It also played a major supporting role, in addition to the Royal Navy, in the European war against Germany.
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) seeks naval superiority in the Pacific by sinking America's premier war fleet at Pearl Harbor, built around its battleship. The surprise attack in December 1941 at Pearl Harbor did paralyze the fleet of battles, but did not touch the aircraft carrier, which became the mainstay of the rebuilt fleet.
The doctrine of the navy must be changed overnight. The United States Navy (like IJN) has followed Alfred Thayer Mahan's emphasis on concentrated combat groups as a major offensive naval weapon. The loss of a warship in Pearl Harbor forced Admiral Ernest J. King, the head of the Navy, to place a major emphasis on a small number of aircraft carriers.
The US Navy grew extraordinary when it faced a two-pronged war on the ocean. It achieved a notable recognition in the Pacific War, in which it played an important role for the successful "island hopping" campaign in the Allies. The US Navy fought six major battles with the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN): Attacks on Pearl Harbor, Coral Sea Battle, Middle Battle, Philippine Battle, Leyte Bay Battle, and Okinawa Battle.
With the end of the war in 1945, the United States Navy has added thousands of new ships, including 18 aircraft carriers and 8 warships, and has more than 70% of the world total and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or more. At its peak, the US Navy operated 6,768 ships on VJ Day in August 1945, including 28 aircraft carriers, 23 warships, 71 carrier aircraft carriers, 72 cruisers, over 232 submarines, 377 destroyers and thousands of amphibious carriers, and help.
1941-42
The American war plan was "Rainbow 5" completed on May 14, 1941. It is thought that the United States is allied with Britain and France and reserved for offensive operations by US forces in Europe, Africa, or both. Assumptions and plans for Rainbow 5 are discussed extensively in Plan Dog memos, which ultimately conclude that the United States will follow Europe's first strategy, making the war against Germany a priority higher than the war against Japan. But President Roosevelt did not approve of his plan - he wanted to play it directly. The Navy wanted to make Japan a prime target, and in 1941-43 the US actually fought against the sea war against Japan, in addition to its support for army landings in North Africa, Sicily and Italy in 1942-43.
The US strategy in 1941 was to keep Japan from progressing further into Britain, the Netherlands, France and America to the South. When the Allies stopped selling oil to Japan, he lost 90% of fuel supplies for aircraft and warships. It's a stock that will last a year or two. He must compromise or struggle to reclaim British and Dutch wells to the South. in November 1941, US Army Chief of Staff George Marshall explained the American air war strategy to the press - it was secret and not for publication:
- We are preparing for an offensive war against Japan, while Japan believes we are preparing only to defend the Philippines.... We have 35 Flying Fortresses there - the biggest concentration anywhere in the world. Twenty more will be added next month, and 60 again in January.... If war with Japan comes, we will fight mercilessly. Flying forts will soon be dispatched to burn the paper cities of Japan. There will be no doubt about the bombing of civilians - it will be all-out.
Marshall is talking about a long-distance B-17 bomber based in the Philippines, which is within Tokyo's reach. After Japan captured the Philippines in early 1942, the American strategy refocused on a sea war that focused on capturing islands close enough for the intensive bombing campaign Marshall spoke of. In 1944, the Navy captured Saipan and the Mariana Islands, which were within the reach of the new B-29 bomber.
After Pearl Harbor's victory in early December, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) seemed unstoppable for losing number and defeating an unorganized Allied - US, UK, Netherlands, Australia, China. London and Washington both believed in the Mahanian doctrine, which emphasized the need for a uniform fleet. However, in contrast to the cooperation achieved by the army, the Allied Navy failed to merge or even coordinate their activities until mid-1942. Tokyo also believed in Mahan, who said marine command - accomplished by a large fleet battle - was the key to sea power. Therefore, IJN retained its main strike force together under Admiral Yamamoto and won a series of stunning victories over America and England within 90 days of Pearl Harbor.
Burned at sea, with its big guns lying at the bottom of Pearl Harbor, the American strategy for victory requires slow retreat or action against the IJN until a much larger US industrial potential can be mobilized to launch a fleet capable of projecting allied forces into the heart of the enemy.
Midway
The Battle of Midway, along with the Guadalcanal campaign, marks a turning point in the Pacific. Between June 4-7, 1942, the US Navy convincingly defeated the Japanese naval forces attempting to lure the US carrier fleet into a trap at Midway Atoll. The Japanese fleet lost four aircraft carriers to one of the carriers of the United States and destroyers. After Midway, and the exhausting friction of the Solomon Islands campaign, the shipbuilding programs and Japanese pilot training can not keep up with their losses while the US continues to increase output in both areas. Military historian John Keegan called the Middle Battle "the most amazing and decisive blow in the history of sea battles."
Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal, fighting from August 1942 to February 1943, was the first major Allied attack in the war at the Pacific Theater. The campaign sees American air, naval and land forces (later added by Australia and New Zealand) in a six-month campaign slowly defeating Japanese opposition. Guadalcanal is the key to controlling the Solomon Islands, which is considered important by both parties. Both sides won multiple battles but both sides were too excited about the supply line.
The competing navy battled seven battles, with both sides dividing victories. They are: The Battle of Savo Island, the Battle of East Solomon, the Battle of the Cape Esperance, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, the Battle of the Guadalcanal Sea, the Battle of Tassafaronga and the Battle of Rennell Island. Both sides pulled their parent ship, as they were too vulnerable to land flight.
1943
In preparation for the recapture of the Philippines, the Navy initiated Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns to recapture Gilbert and the Marshall Islands from Japan in the summer of 1943. Major efforts went to the recruitment and training of seafarers and Marines, and built warships, fighters and deep ship support preparations to cross the Pacific, and to support Army operations in the Southwest Pacific, as well as in Europe and North Africa.
1944
The Navy continued its long movement west across the Pacific, capturing one island base after another. Not every Japanese camp should be captured; some, such as large bases on Trucks, Rabaul and Formosa neutralized by air strikes and then leaps. The ultimate goal is to approach Japan itself, then launch a massive strategic air raid and finally an invasion. The US Navy did not seek the Japanese fleet for a decisive battle, as suggested by the Mahanian doctrine; the enemy must attack to stop the inevitable progress.
The peak of the carrier war came at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Taking control of the islands that can support the airfield within the Tokyo B-29 range is the goal. 535 ships began to land 128,000 Soldiers and Marines invaders on June 15, 1944 in the Mariana Islands and Palau. Japan launched a coordinated attack on the larger American fleet; His planes operate at great distances and can not stay together, enabling them to be easily shot down in what Americans call "The Great Marian of Turkey Shoot." Japan now loses all its offensive capabilities, and the US has air bases in Guam, Saipan and Tinian for B-29 bombers targeted to the Japanese home islands.
Okinawa 1945
Okinawa is the last major battle of the whole war. The goal is to make the island a staging ground for the Japanese invasion scheduled to fall in 1945. It is only 350 miles (550 km) south of the Japanese home islands. Marines and troops landed on April 1, 1945, to begin the 82-day campaign that became the largest land-sea-air battle in history and recorded for the ferocity of high civilian battles and casualties with over 150,000 Okinawis losing their lives. Japanese kamikaze pilots demanded the largest ship loss in the history of the US navy by sinking 38 and damaging 368 others. The number of casualties in the US more than 12,500 people were killed and 38,000 injured, while Japan lost more than 110,000 people. Fierce fighting and high American losses caused the Navy to oppose the invasion of the main islands. Alternate strategy selected: use atomic bombs to encourage surrender.
Technology and industrial strength proved to be decisive. Japan failed to capitalize on its initial success before the enormous potential force of the Allies could be borne. In 1941, Japanese Zero fighter planes had longer range and better performance than competing American fighter aircraft, and pilots had more experience in the air. But Japan never improved Zero and in 1944 the Allied navy was far ahead of Japan in both quantity and quality, and ahead of Germany in quantity and in putting advanced technology for practical use. High tech innovation comes at a dizzying pace. The new weapon system is fully created - such as landing vessels, such as LST 3,000 tonnes ("Landing Ship, Tank") carrying 25 tanks thousands of miles and landing them on the attack coast. Furthermore, older weapons systems are continuously improved and upgraded. Outdated aircraft, for example, receive stronger engines and more sensitive radar sets. One obstacle to progressing is that admirals who grow up with large warships and fast cruisers have difficulty adjusting their war doctrine against them to combine the capabilities and versatility of a rapidly evolving new weapon system.
Ship
American and Japanese troop ships were perfect at the start of the war. In 1943, the qualitative side of America won the battle; in 1944, the quantitative advantage of America made Japan's position hopeless. The German Navy, which does not trust its Japanese allies, ignores Hitler's orders to cooperate and fails to share his expertise on radar and radio. Thus the Imperial Navy is more defective in the technological race with the Allies (who cooperate with each other). The US economic base is ten times larger than Japan, and its technological capabilities are also much larger, and mobilizing technical skills is far more effective than Japan, so technological advances come faster and are applied more effectively to weapons. Above all, American admirals adapt their marine war doctrine to capitalize on its advantages. The quality and performance of Japanese warships was initially comparable to that of the United States.
Americans are earnest, and probably too convinced in 1941. The Pacific Commander, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz boasted that he can defeat a larger fleet because of "... our superior personnel in ability and initiative, and the superiority that no doubt of our many tools. "As Willmott notes, it is a dangerous and unwarranted assumption.
Battleships
American warships before Pearl Harbor can fire a rifle from a shell of 2,100 pounds of steel shells every minute up to 35,000 yards (19 miles). No ships except for other warships that have thick armor that can withstand such weapons. When intelligence reported that Japan had secretly built a stronger warship, Washington responded with four Iowa-class warships. The "big-gun" admirals on both sides dream of a huge twenty-mile (32 km) shooting, in which the carriers will be used only to find the big guns. Their doctrine is completely outmoded. Aircraft such as Grumman TBF Avenger can drop 2,000-pound bombs on warships with a range of hundreds of miles. A aircraft carrier costs less, it takes around the same number of personnel, just as fast, and can easily sink a warship. During the war, warships discovered a new mission: they are platforms that accommodate all dozens of anti-aircraft weapons and eight or nine 14-inch or 16-inch weapons used to blow up ground targets before amphibious landing. Their small 5-inch weapon, and 4,800 3 inch to 8 inch guns on cruisers and destroyers also proved effective in bombarding the landing zone. After a brief bombardment on the island of Tarawa in November 1943, the Marines discovered that Japanese defenders were still living in underground shelters. It then becomes a routine doctrine to work thoroughly on the beaches with thousands of explosive and explosive high shells through the armor. The bombing will destroy some of the permanent emplacement and kill some troops. More importantly, it cuts off communication lines, shocks and discourages defenders, and gives new confidence to the landing party. After the landing, a naval shot directed by a ground observer will target enemy defense boxes still in operation. The sinking of the warship at Pearl Harbor proved a blessing in deep disguise, because after they were resurrected and assigned their new mission, they performed well. (Absent Pearl Harbor, great admirals like Raymond Spruance probably followed pre-war doctrine and searched for a battle on the surface where Japan would be very hard to beat.)
In World War I, the US Navy explored flights, both land-based and operator-based. However the Navy nearly abolished the flight in 1919 when Admiral William S. Benson, the reactionary Chief of Naval Operations who was reactionary, was unable to "understand the use of an existing fleet for flight", and he secretly tried to abolish the Navy Flight Division. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt reversed the decision because he believed the flight would one day become a "major factor" at sea with the mission to bombard an enemy warship, supervise enemy fleets, map minefields and escort convoys. Reluctantly allowing him a small mission, the Navy slowly builds its flight. In 1929 it had one aircraft carrier (USSÃ, Langley ), 500 pilots and 900 aircraft; in 1937 there were 5 operators ( Lexington , Saratoga , Ranger , Yorktown and Enterprise i>), 2000 pilots and 1000 planes are much better. With Roosevelt now at the White House, the tempo soon accelerated. One of the main aid agencies, the PWA, made the construction of warships a priority. In 1941 the US Navy with 8 operators, 4,500 pilots and 3,400 aircraft had more air power than the Japanese Navy.
German
Submarine
Germany's main naval weapon is U-boat; Its main mission is to break the flow of supplies and ammunition that reaches the UK by sea. The submarine attack on Britain's important maritime supply route in the "Atlantic Battles" began immediately at the outbreak of war. Although at first they were hampered by the lack of well-placed ports to operate; which changed when France fell in 1940 and Germany took over all ports in France and the Low Countries. U Boats had a high success rate at first, that the period up to early 1941 was known as First Happy Time. The Kriegsmarine is responsible for coastal artillery protecting major ports and possible invasion points, as well as handling anti-aircraft batteries that protect key ports.
In 1939-1945 the German shipyard launched 1,162 U boats, of which 785 were destroyed during the war (632 at sea) along with 30,000 crewmen. British anti-submarine ships and aircraft accounted for over 500 kill. At the end of the war, 156 U Boats surrendered to the Allies, while the crew expelled 221 others, mainly in German ports. In terms of effectiveness, German and other Axis submarines sank 2828 merchant ships totaling 14.7 million tonnes (11.7 million UK); more broken. The use of convoys dramatically reduces the number of sinks, but convoys are made for slow motion and long delays at both ends, thereby reducing the flow of Allied goods. German submarines also drowned 175 Allied warships, mostly British, with 52,000 Royal Navy sailors killed.
Surface fleet
The German Fleet was involved in many operations, beginning with the Polish Invasion. Also in 1939, he drowned British HMSa ladder, Brave and HMSa warships Royal Oak , while losing Admiral Graf Spee at the Battle of the Plate River.
In April 1940, the German navy was heavily involved in the invasion of Norway, where it lost the heavy explorers of BlÃÆ'¼cher, two light cruisers, and ten destroyers. In return the British aircraft carrier sank HMSÃ, Glorious and some smaller vessels.
United Kingdom
The Royal Navy in the critical years 1939-43 was under the command of the First Admiral Sir Dudley Pound (1877-1943). As a result of earlier changes, the Royal Navy entered the Second World War as a heterogeneous force of World War I veterans, inter-war vessels were limited by strict adherence to the ban on treaties and subsequently unlimited designs. It remains a strong force, though smaller and relatively older than during World War I.
At the beginning of World War II, the UK's global commitment was reflected in the placement of the Navy. His first task remains to protect trade, as the UK relies heavily on imports of food and raw materials, and the global empire is also interdependent. Navy assets are allocated between various fleets and stations.
There is a very different opinion about the leadership of Pound. His greatest achievement was his successful campaign against German U-boat activity and the victory of the Battle of the Atlantic. Winston Churchill, the Navy's civilian chief (1939-40) and all powers as Prime Minister (1940-1945) worked closely on naval strategies; he was nicknamed "Churchill anchor". He blocked the Churchill scheme of sending a fleet of war to the Baltic at the start of the war. But his judgment has been challenged on his micromanagement, the Norwegian Campaign failed in 1940, the dismissal of Admiral Dudley North in 1940, the sinking of Japan Repulse and Prince of Wales with air raids from Malaya at the end of 1941, and a failure in July 1942 to dissolve the Convoy PQ17 under German attack.
During the early phase of World War II, the Royal Navy provided a critical cover during the British evacuation from Norway (where aircraft carrier and 6 destroyers lost but 338,000 people were evacuated), from Dunkirk (where 7,000 RN men were killed) and at the Battle of Crete. In the last operation, Admiral Cunningham has a big risk to extract the Army, and save many people to fight in the future. The prestige of the Navy suffered a heavy blow when the battlecruiser Hood was drowned by the German battleship Bismarck in May 1941. Although Bismarck sank a few days later, public pride in Royal Navy was badly damaged by the loss of "mighty Hood ". RN bombarded Oran in Algeria against the French Mediterranean Fleet. In an attack on Taranto's torpedo bomber drowned three Italian warships at their naval base at Taranto and in March 1941 the ship drowned three cruisers and two destroyers at Tanjung Matapan. RN evacuates troops from Greece to Crete and then from the island. In this case the navy lost three cruisers and six destroyers but saved 30,000 people.
RN is very important in blocking the supply of Poros to North Africa and in supplying its base in Malta. The losses in Pedestal Operation are high but the convoy gets through it.
The Royal Navy is also important in keeping the sea lanes that allow British troops to fight in remote parts of the world such as North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Far East. Convoys were used from the start of the war and anti-submarine hunting patrols were used. From 1942, the responsibility for protecting the Atlantic convoy was shared between the various navies allied: The Royal Navy was responsible for most of the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The suppression of U-boat threats is an important requirement for the invasion of northern Europe: the necessary troops can not be transported and re-supplied. During this period, the Royal Navy obtained many companion boats that were relatively inexpensive and quickly constructed.
Port and port defense as well as maintaining the sea lanes around open beaches are the responsibility of Coastal Forces and Royal Marine Patrol Services.
Navy supremacy is essential for amphibious operations, such as the invasion of Northwest Africa (Operation Torch), Sicily, Italy, and Normandy (Overlord of Operation). For Neptune Operations, RN and RCN supply 958 of 1213 warships and three quarters of the 4000 landings. The use of the Mulberry port allows the invasion forces to remain re-supplied. There was also a landing in the south of France in August.
However, during the war, it became clear that the aircraft carrier was the new capital vessel of the marine war, and that the previous British naval superiority in terms of warships had become irrelevant. Britain was an early innovator in carrier design, introducing an armored flight deck, in lieu of a now worn and fragile warship. The Royal Navy is now dwarfed by its ally, the United States Navy. The successful invasion of Europe reduced the role of Europeans from the navy to guard the convoy and provide fire support for troops near the shore as in Walcheren, during the battle of Scheldt.
The eastern fleet of Britain has been withdrawn to East Africa due to Japan's invasion of the Indian Ocean. Despite being opposed by the US naval chief, Admiral Ernest King, the Royal Navy sent a large task force to the Pacific (British Pacific Fleet). This requires the use of completely different techniques, requiring large fleet support fleets, supplying at sea and emphasis on air force and naval defense. In 1945 84 warships and support ships were sent to the Pacific. It remains the largest foreigner spread of the Royal Navy. Their biggest attack was on an oil refinery in Sumatra to deny Japanese access to supplies. It also covered the US landings in Okinawa and carried out air strikes and bombings on the Japanese mainland.
At the start of the Second World War, RN had 15 warships and battlecruisers with five more warships under construction, and 66 cruisers with 23 other warships under construction. For 184 destroyers with 52 more under construction, 50 old destroyers (and other small vessels) were acquired from the US in exchange for US access to the British base (Destroyers for Bases Agreement). There are 60 submarines and seven aircraft carriers with more than two under construction. In the end the RN has 16 warships, 52 aircraft carriers - although most of them are small escorts or aircraft carriers - 62 cruisers, 257 destroyers, 131 submarines and 9,000 other ships. During the war, the Royal Navy lost 278 large war ships and over 1,000 small boats. There were 200,000 people (including reserves and marines) in the navy at the start of the war, which rose to 939,000 in the end. 51,000 RN seafarers were killed and another 30,000 from merchant services. WRNS was reactivated in 1938 and their number rose to a peak of 74,000 in 1944. The Royal Marines reached a maximum of 78,000 in 1945, having taken part in all the major landings.
Norway Norwegian Campaign, 1940
Finland's defensive war against the Soviet invasion, which took place from November 1939 to March 1940, occurred at a time when a military impasse on the continent was called "Fake War". Attention turned to Nordic theater. After months of planning at the highest civilian, military and diplomatic levels in London and Paris, in the spring of 1940, a series of decisions were made that would involve invasion without being invited to Norway, Sweden, Iceland and the Danish Faroe Islands, with the aim of destroying the war economy Germany and helped Finland in the war with the Soviet Union. The allied war against the Soviet Union was part of the plan. The main point of the naval launch is the Royal Navy base on the Scapa Flow in Orkney Islands. The Soviet invasion of Finland caused widespread anger at popular and elite levels to support Finland not only in the wartime of England and France but also in the neutral United States. The League of Nations declared that the Soviet Union was an aggressor and expelled it. "American opinion makers treat the attack on Finland as a cowardly aggression worthy of daily headlines, which then worsens an attitude toward Russia." The real aim of the Allies was economic warfare: cutting off Swedish iron ore shipments to Germany, which they expected would greatly weaken the German war industry. The British Ministry of War Economy stated that the project against Norway is likely to cause "a very serious reaction to German industrial output... [and Swedish component] may also bring the German industry to a standstill and in any case will have profound effects on the duration of the war." is to divert the power of doing little on the static West front into an active role in front of the new. The British military leadership in December became an enthusiastic supporter when they realized that their first choice, an attack on German oil supplies, would not get approval. Winston Churchill, now head of Admiralty, strongly pushed the invasion of Norway and Sweden to help Finland and cut its iron supply. Likewise the political and military leaders in Paris strongly support the plan, as it will put their troops in action. The poor performance of the Soviet army against Finland made Allied confidence that the invasion, and the war produced with Russia, would be beneficial. But the government's civilian leadership Neville Chamberlain in London withdrew and delayed the invasion plan. Neutral Norway and Sweden refused to cooperate. Finland expected Allied intervention but its position became increasingly desperate; his approval for a ceasefire on March 13 signaled defeat. On March 20, the more aggressive Paul Reynaud became Prime Minister of France and demanded an immediate invasion; Chamberlain and the British cabinet finally agreed and orders were given. But the Germans first attacked, quickly conquering Denmark and southern Norway in Operation WeserÃÆ'¼bung. Germany managed to repel the Allied invasion. With England's failure in Norway, London decided it was imperative to establish a naval and air base in Iceland. Despite Iceland's plea for neutrality, its occupation was seen as a military necessity by London. The Faroe Islands were occupied on 13 April, and a decision was taken to occupy Iceland on May 6.
German invasion threat 1940
Operation Sea Lion was a threatened invasion of Germany in the British channel in 1940. Germany had armies and small boats in place, and much more on the tank and artillery roads than the British after they retreated from Dunkirk. However, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force are fully prepared, and historians believe that the invasion effort will be disastrous for Germany. The British naval power, based in Scotland, is very complete with heavy armored warships; Germany has none. There is no point that Germany has the necessary air superiority. And even if they had achieved air superiority, it would be meaningless on bad weather days, which would blow up a fighter but not block the Royal Navy from destroying transportation and blasting landing fields. German General Alfred Jodl realized that as long as the British navy was a factor, the invasion would send "my troops to the chopper machine."
Collaboration
With the various countries that collaborate with the Allies, the UK needs a way to coordinate work. The Royal Navy is handled smoothly with the exiled navy of Poland, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Yugoslavia and Greece using a liaison system between senior naval officers. This system resulted in the effective integration of the Allied navy into the Royal Navy's orders.
French
When France fell in June 1940, Germany made the army into POW but allowed Vichy France to maintain its powerful fleet, the fourth largest in the world. France sent its warships to its colonial harbors or to British-controlled ports. Britain fought one of the main squadrons in an attack on Mers-el-KÃÆ' Ã… © beer, Algeria (near Oran), on July 3, 1940. The attack killed 1300 people and drowned one or three battleships badly damaged at anchor. The Vichy government was really angry but did not retaliate and maintained a state of armed neutrality in the war. The British captured a warship in the British port, and they eventually became part of the French Free Navy. When Germany occupied all of France in November 1942, Vichy France had gathered in Toulon about a third of the warships that had started with, totaling 200,000 tons. Germany seeks to seize it; the French officers then rushed their own fleet.
Italy
The Italian Navy ("Regia Marina") has a mission to keep the Mediterranean trans open to North Africa and the Balkans; it was challenged by the Royal Navy of England. That's way behind the UK in the latest technology, like radar, which is important for long distance night cannon. The Regia Marina has six warships, 19 cruisers, 59 destroyers, 67 torpedoes and 116 submarines. Two aircraft carriers are under construction; they never launched. The nation was too poor to launch a major shipbuilding campaign, which left senior commanders cautious for fear of losing irreplaceable assets. In the Battle of the Mediterranean Sea has broken the Italian naval code and knows the time of departure, routing, time of arrival and making the convoy. The Italian forgot to catch Malta, which became the main base and logistics for the British.
Japanese
Strength
On December 7, 1941, the main units of the Japanese Navy included:
- 10 warships (11 at the end of the year)
- 6 fleet operators
- 4 fleet operators
- 18 heavy cruisers
- 18 light cruisers
- 113 destroyers
- 63 submarines
Frontline force of the Navy Air Force is 1753 fighter aircraft, including 660 fighters, 330 torpedo bombers, and 240 beach-based bombers. There are also 520 aircraft used for surveillance.
1942 Operation IJN
within six months of Pearl Harbor, Admiral Yamamoto's carrier-based fleet was involved in operations ranging from raids on the Ceylon in the Indian Ocean to the attempted conquest of Midway Island, western Hawaii. His actions largely succeeded in defeating American naval forces, the British and the Dutch, even though the American fleet was held at the battle of the Coral Sea, and caused a decisive defeat over Yamamoto in Midway. Guam falls in mid-December, and the Philippines is attacked at some point. Wake Island falls on December 23. January 1942 saw IJN handling the invasion of the Dutch East Indies, West Papua, and Solomon Islands. IJN built the main front bases on Trucks and Rabaul. The Japanese army captures Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Bali and Timor also fell in February. The rapid collapse of the Allied resistance has led to the outbreak of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command in two. At the Java Sea Battle, in late February and early March, the IJN brought a brilliant defeat to the main ABDA naval force, under the Dutch. The Dutch East Indies campaign then ended with the surrender of Allied forces in Java.
Dutch
The small but modern Dutch fleet had its primary mission of defense of the oil-rich Indies. The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from Japan as it moved south at the end of 1941 to search for Dutch oil. The Netherlands has five cruisers, eight destroyers, 24 submarines, and small boats, along with 50 outdated aircraft. Most of the troops were lost due to air strikes or Japanese seas, with survivors joining the British East Fleet. The Dutch Navy has suffered years of insufficient funds and comes less prepared to confront enemies with much more and much heavier vessels with better weapons, including the Long Lance-torpedo, where the Haguro cruise ship drowned light cruiser HNLMS De Ruyter.
When Germany attacked in April 1940, the government moved into exile in Britain and several ships along with the Royal Netherlands Navy headquarters continued the struggle. It maintained units in the Indies (Indonesia), and subsequently subsequently subdued in Sri Lanka and Western Australia. He was defeated for defending the Dutch East Indies in the Battle of the Java Sea. The battle consists of a series of attempts over a seven-hour period by Joint Combined Forces Admiral Karel Doorman to attack the Japanese invasion convoy; each rejected by the guard troops. Doorman came down with his ships along with his 1000 crew. During the relentless Japanese offensive from February to April 1942 in the Indies, the Dutch navy in the Far East was almost destroyed, and he suffered a total loss of 20 ships (including two light cruisers) and 2500 sailors killed.
A small Dutch submarine power station based in Western Australia drowned more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and American navies together, an exploitation that earned Admiral Helfrich the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich".
Worldwide the Dutch navy unit is responsible for transporting troops, for example during Operation Dynamo in Dunkirk and on H-Day, they control convoys and attack enemy targets.
USSR
Building a Soviet fleet was a national priority, but many senior officers were killed in the purge in the late 1930s. The naval portion of the national ammunition budget fell from 11.5% in 1941 to 6.6% in 1944.
When Germany invaded in 1941 and captured millions of soldiers, many sailors and navies escaped to strengthen the Red Army; this reassigned naval force participated with every major action on the Eastern Front. Soviet naval personnel have a very important role on land in battle for Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Novorossiysk, Tuapse (see Battle of the Caucasus), and Leningrad. The Baltic fleet was blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by a minefield, but the submarine escaped. The surface fleet battled with anti-aircraft defense of the city and bombarded the German position. On the Black Sea, many ships were damaged by minefields and Axis flights, but they helped defend the naval base and supply them when besieged, and then evacuate them.
US and UK via Lend Lease gave the ship Soviet Union with a total displacement of 810,000 tons.
Although Soviet leaders were reluctant to take the risk of larger ships after the great losses suffered by the Soviet Navy in 1941-2, Soviet destroyers were used during the war in the role of escort, fire and transport. Soviet warships, and especially destroyers, saw action during the war in Arctic waters and on the Black Sea. In Arctic waters, Soviet destroyers participated in the defense of Allied convoys.
Romanian
The Romanian Navy is the largest naval force of Poros during the sea war on the Black Sea. When the country joined the war in mid-1941, its main power consisted of five destroyers (two Regele Ferdinand) -the class and two-taller-than-ship torpedo ongoing <1> Sborul ), 1 submarine ( Delfinul ), 1 freelaying ship ( Amiral Murgescu ), five anti-submarine monitors ( four Mihail Kog? lniceanu -class and one Sava -class) and six anti-submarine corvettes (four French classes Sublocotenent Ghiculescu plus ship converted torpedoes N 'luca and Smeul ). Two more submarines, Marsuinul
The Romanian navy was the most effective navy of the Second World War. The only navy that fought for more than three years without losing a single unit was the main force of its destroyers and submarines. At the same time, it caused the sinking of one destroyer and more than a dozen submarines, all Soviet.
Maps Naval history of World War II
Battles and campaigns
Pacific
Pacific submarine war
US Navy submarines (with help from the UK and the Netherlands), operating from bases in Australia, Hawaii, and Ceylon, played a leading role in defeating Japan. Japanese submarines, however, played a minimal role, although they had the best torpedoes from any country in World War II, and the submarines were pretty good. The difference in outcomes is due to a very different doctrine from the side, which, on the Japanese side, is based on cultural traditions.
Doctrines and allied equipment
Allied submarines concentrate on destroying Japanese logistics, where the island nation depends on the voyage. Within hours of Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt ordered a new and prevailing doctrine: an infinite submarine warfare against Japan. This means drowning warships, commercial ships, or passenger ships in Axis-controlled waters, without warning and without assistance to the survivors. US torpedoes, Mark XIV torpedo standard problems and Mark VI explosives were both damaged, the problem was not corrected until September 1943. Worst of all, before the war, an uninformed Customs officer had seized a copy of the Japanese merchant maritime code (called " code "in USN), do not know the US communication intelligence has damaged it; Japan immediately changed it, and it has not recovered until 1943.
Thus it was not until 1944 the US Navy learned to use its 150 submarines for maximum effect: an effectively installed ship radar, a commander who looks less in aggression being replaced, and errors in a fixed torpedo.
Japanese doctrine and equipment
For the Imperial Japanese Navy, however, the submarine, as part of the bushido Japanese soldier tradition, prefers to attack warships rather than transport. Faced with the convoy, Allied submarines will try to sink the merchant ships, while their Japanese counterparts will give top priority to their bodyguards. This was important in 1942, before the production of Allied warships reached capacity. Thus, while the United States has a very long supply line between the west coast and frontline areas susceptible to submarine attacks, Japanese submarines are instead used for long-range reconnaissance and to supply food to thousands of soldiers who are stranded in fortified castles, especially Trucks and Rabaul.
Supply runs less than Allied resources. The need to supply MacArthur troops trapped in the Philippines led to the transfer of boats to the mission of a "guerilla submarine". In addition, dwelling in Australia placed ships under Japanese air threat while traveling on patrols, hampering effectiveness, and Nimitz depended on submarines for strict supervision of enemy bases. A small number of large submarines handle most of the supplies, less nimble submarines than their brothers attacking the escorted convoys.
The requirement of the Japanese Army to supply garrison demands by submarines further reduced the effectiveness of Japanese anti-shipping wars. In addition, Japan respects its neutrality agreement with the Soviet Union, and ignores US cargo shipments that send millions of tons of war supplies from San Francisco to the northern route to Vladivostok.
A small number of Allied submarines - less than 2 percent of the fleet tonnage - strangled Japan by drowning its trade fleet, intercepting many troop carriers, and cutting off almost all oil imports necessary for war. By early 1945 the tanks were dry.
Results
Japan's commercial fleet was 6.4 million tonnes in December 1941; during the war 3.9 million tons of new shipments were built. Losses of Japanese traders reached 8.9 million tons, leaving 1.5 million tons afloat at the end of the war. Although estimates differ, the US submarine itself may account for 56% of Japanese traders drowning; most of the rest were hit by the plane at the end of the war, or destroyed by mines. The US submarine crew also claimed 28% of Japanese warships were destroyed. Furthermore, they play important surveillance roles, such as in battles in the Philippine Sea and Leyte Bay, when they provide accurate and timely warnings about the approach of the Japanese fleet. The submarine is operated from a secure base in Fremantle, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; and then Guam. These should be protected by surface fleets and aircraft.
Japanese anti-submarine practices are poorly managed and managed. The Japanese convoys were not well organized and defended compared to Allied convoys, a product of doctrine and training of the IJN with disabilities. The number of US submarines on patrols at one time increased from 13 in 1942, to 18 in 1943, to 43 at the end of 1944. Half of their killings occurred in 1944, when more than 200 submarines were in operation. By 1945, the patrol had declined because so few targets dared to move on the high seas. Overall, Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 merchant ships. Most were small cargo ships, but 124 tankers brought much needed oil from the East Indies. The other 320 are passenger ships and troop transport. At a critical stage of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed before they could land. More than 200 drowned warships, ranging from many auxiliary vessels and destroyers to eight aircraft carriers and one warship.
Underwater battles are very dangerous for submariners. The US submarine service only covers 1.6% of Navy personnel or 50,000 people. Mostly beach-based. Of the 16,000 out on patrol, 3,500 (22%) never returned, the highest casualty rate of American troops in World War II. Japan's losses are even worse.
Atlantic
- Baltic Sea campaign (1939-45)
- The Battle of the Atlantic
- Rob trading
- The merchant raider
- Operation Sea Lion
- The Battle of the Mediterranean
- Black Sea Campaign (1941-44)
- Romanian Navy during World War II
Mediterranean
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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