Running is a method of terrestrial movement that allows humans and other animals to move quickly on foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by an air phase in which all feet are above ground (although there are exceptions). This is different from walking, where one leg is always in contact with the ground, its legs are mostly straight and the center of the gravitational dome above the legs or feet in an inverted pendulum mode. The hallmark of the body running from the point of view of semi-mass mechanics is that the changes in kinetic and potential energy in its steps occur simultaneously, with energy storage achieved by supple tendons and passive muscle elasticity. The term ran can refer to various speeds ranging from jogging to sprinting.
It is thought that human ancestors developed the ability to run long distances some 2.6 million years ago, possibly to hunt animals. The competitive run grew out of religious festivals in various regions. Record of competitive race dates back to Tailteann Games in Ireland in 1829 BC, while the first recorded Olympics took place in 776 BC. Running has been described as the most accessible sport in the world.
Video Running
Histori
It is estimated that humans walked to evolve at least four and a half million years ago from the ape-like apoplese Australopithecus ability to walk upright on two legs.
The proposed theory is considered to be the most likely evolution to walk is the early humans' evolved as a survival runner from the practice of hunting animal persistence, activity followed and chased until prey was too tired to escape, surrendered to "chase myopathy" (Sears 2001), and that feature humans such as nuchal ligaments, abundant sweat glands, Achilles tendons, large knee joints and glutei maximi muscles, are changes caused by this type of activity (Bramble & Lieberman 2004, et al.). The theory first proposed using comparative physiological evidence and the animal's natural habits when running, suggests the possibility of this activity as a successful hunting method. Further evidence of observation of modern hunting practices also indicates this possibility (Carrier et al., 1984). According to Sears (p.Ã, 12) scientific investigations (Walker & Leakey 1993) of the Nariokotome Skeleton provide further evidence for Carrier's theory.
The competitive run grew out of religious festivals in areas such as Greece, Egypt, Asia, and East African Rift in Africa. The Tailteann Games, an Irish sports festival in honor of the goddess Tailtiu, dates from 1829 BC, and is one of the earliest records of the ongoing competition. The origins of the Olympics and Marathon runs are covered by myths and legends, although the first recorded game took place in 776 BC. Running in Ancient Greece can be traced back to these games in 776 BC.
... I suspect that the sun, moon, earth, stars, and heaven, still the gods of many barbarians, are the only gods known by the original Hellenes. Seeing that they are always moving and running, from the nature of those who walk they are called gods or runners (thus, Theontas)...
Maps Running
Running kinematic description
Walking can be divided into two phases in the lower extremities: attitude and swing. These can be subdivided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing and terminal swings. Due to the continuous nature of walking, no particular point is considered a beginning. However, for simplicity it will be assumed that absorption and footsteps mark the beginning of the cycle of running in an already moving body.
Footstrike
Footstrike occurs when the plantar part of the foot makes initial contact with the ground. Common types of footstrike include the types of front legs, middle feet and heels. This is marked by the initial contact of the foot balls, balls and the heel of the leg simultaneously and the heel of each foot. During this time the hip joint undergoes an extension of being at maximum flexion from the previous swing phase. For proper absorption, the knee joint should be flexed on the feet and the ankle should be slightly in front of the body. Footstrike begins the absorption phase because the force of the initial contact is attenuated along the lower limb. Absorption of force continues as the body moves from foot to center due to a vertical push from the leg-off during the previous gait cycle.
Midstance
The middle is defined as the time at which the extremities below the extremity focus on the flexural knee directly beneath the stem, hip and hip. It is at this point that the propulsion begins to occur when the hip has hip extension, the knee joint is extension and the ankle is plantar flexed. Propulsion continues until the foot stretches out behind the body and the loose leg occurs. It involves maximum pelvic extension, knee extension and plantar flexion for the subject, so the body is pushed forward from this movement and the ankle/leg leaves the ground when the initial swing begins.
Propulsion phase
Recent research, especially regarding the debate about foot attacks, focuses only on the absorption phase for injury identification and prevention purposes. The propulsion phase of running involves movement from mid to toe. However, from the full step length model, components of the swing terminal and footstrike can be helpful in the propulsion. The setting for propulsion begins at the end of the terminal swing when the pelvic joint is flexed, creating the maximum range of motion for the hip extensor to accelerate and produce a force. As the hip extensor changes from the receiving inhibitor to the main muscle activator, the lower limb is brought back to the ground, although it is greatly assisted by stretching reflexes and gravity. The mobile phase and absorption occur next with two types of results. This phase is only a continuation of the momentum of the reflex stretch reaction to hip flexion, mild extension and pelvic extension with a heel strike, which does not provide much absorption through the ankle joint. With a central strike/forefoot, loading of the gastro-soleus complex from shock absorption will serve to assist in plantar flexion from center to toe. When the lower extremities enter the middle, true propulsion begins. The hip extensors continue to contract together with the help of gravitational acceleration and the remaining stretching reflexes of maximal hip flexion during the swing terminal phase. The extension hips pull the ground beneath the body, thus pulling the runner forward. During the middle, the knee should be in some degree of knee flexion due to the elastic loading of the absorption phase and the footstrike to maintain forward momentum. The ankle joint is in dorsiflexion at this point beneath the body, either elastically removed from a front leg strike or forelegs or preparing for a stand alone concentric plantar flexion. The three joints do the final propulsion during the toe-off. The plantar flexor plantar flex, pushing off the ground and back from dorsofleksi in the middle. This can occur by releasing the elastic load from the previous middle strike/forefoot or concentric contraction of the heel strike. With a front foot strike, both the ankle and knee joint will release the elastic energy stored from the footstrike/absorption phase. The extensor quadriceps/knee group goes into full knee extension, pushing the body off the ground. At the same time, the flexor of the knee and the stretch reflex pull the knee back into flexion, adding a pulling motion on the ground and starting the initial swing phase. The extensor hips extend to the maximum, adding to the pulling and pushing power of the ground. The motion and momentum generated by the hip extensor also contribute to knee flexion and the beginning of the initial swing phase.
Swing phase
The initial swing is the reflex response of stretching and concentric movement towards the body's propulsion movement. Hip flexion and flexion of the knee occur starting the return of the extremity to the starting position and preparing for another foot attack. The initial swing ends in the midswing, when the extremity is just below the stem, hip and hip with flexion and hip joint flexion hold. The terminal swing then begins as a pelvic flexion that continues to the point of activation of the stretch reflexes of the hip extensor. Knees start slightly elongated while swinging to the anterior part of the body. The leg then makes contact with the ground with a foot attack, completing the cycle running from one side of the lower limb. Each member of the lower extremity works against the other. When one side is on foot-off/propulsion, the other hand is in a swing/recovery phase preparing for a foot attack. After the toe-off and the beginning of the initial swing from one side, there is a flight phase where no extremities are in contact with the ground because the opposite side completes the swing terminal. When the one-handed foot occurs, the initial swing continues. A member of the opposing agency meets one in the middle and the middle, starts the mover phase and the swing terminal.
Upper extremity function
The function of the upper limb serves primarily in providing balance in relation to the opposite side of the lower limb. The movement of each leg is paired with the opposite arm that serves to balance the body, especially during the phase of the horses. The arm moves most effectively (as seen in elite athletes) with elbow joints of about 90 degrees or less, hands swinging from hip to mid-chest level with opposite legs, the Humerus moves from parallel to the stem to about 45 degrees shoulder extension (never passes stems in flexion) and with as few movements as possible in the transverse plane. The trunk also rotates with the arm swing. It mainly serves as a balance point from which the limbs are docked. Thus the movement of the rod should remain stable with little movement except for small rotations because excessive movement will contribute to transverse movement and wasted energy.
Debates on Footstrike
Recent research into various forms of running has focused on differences, in potential risk of injury and absorption ability of the heel between the heel and middle leg/forefoot attack. It has been shown that heel striking is generally associated with higher levels of injury and impact due to inefficient shock absorption and inefficient biomechanical compensation for these forces. This is due to the force of the heel strike that travels through the bone for shock absorption rather than being absorbed by the muscles. Because bones can not dissolve forces easily, forces are transmitted to other parts of the body, including the ligaments, joints and bones in the rest of the lower limb all the way up to the lower back. This causes the body to use abnormal compensatory motions in an attempt to avoid serious bone injuries. This compensation includes internal rotation of the tibia, knee and hip joints. The excessive amount of compensation over time has been associated with a higher risk of injury to the joints as well as the muscles involved in the movement. In contrast, a middle/forward strike has been associated with greater efficiency and lower risk of injury because triceps surae is used as a lever system to absorb power with muscles eccentrically than through bone. The landing with the middle/front strike has also been shown to not only properly attenuate the shock but allow triceps surae to aid in propulsion through reflexive plantlexlexion after stretching to absorb the soil contact forces. Thus the middle strike/forefoot can help in the propulsion. However, even among the elite athletes there is variation in the type of self-selected foot attack. This is especially true in long-distance events, where there is a heel striker prevalence. However there is a tendency to be a greater percentage of front runners/attackers in the elite field, especially in faster racers and individuals or groups that win. While one can connect the faster pace of an elite runner compared to a recreational runner with a foot attack similar to physiological differences, the hips and joints have been left out of the equation for proper propulsion. This raises the question of how elite stalking heels are able to sustain high speeds with foot strike techniques that are considered inefficient and dangerous.
Step length, hip and knee function
Biomechanical factors associated with elite runners include improved hip function, use and step length over recreational runners. Increased run speed causes increased strength of soil reactions and elite long runners must compensate for this to maintain their speed over long distances. This strength is attenuated by increasing the length of the step through increased pelvic flexion and extension by decreasing the soil contact time and more forces used in the propulsion. With an increase in propulsion in the horizontal plane, a smaller impact occurs from the downward force in the vertical plane. Increased pelvic flexion allows for increased use of hip extensors via midstance and toe-off, allowing for more power production. The difference even between world class and national spacers has been linked to more efficient pelvic joint function. Increased speed possibilities stem from increased range of motion in hip flexion and extension, allowing acceleration and greater speed. The hip extensors and hip extensions have been associated with stronger knee extensions during toe-off, which contributes to the propulsion. The length of the step should be properly improved by some degree of knee flexion maintained through the terminal swing phase, since excessive knee extension during this phase along with a foot attack has been associated with a higher impact force due to braking and a noticeable increase in heel prevalence. Elite runners tend to show some degree of knee flexion in the foot and midstance attacks, the first of which serves to absorb the eccentric impact force in the quadriceps muscle group. Both of these allow the knee joint to contract concentrically and provide primary assistance in the propulsion during toe-off because the quadriceps group is capable of producing a large number of forces. Recreational runners have been shown to increase the length of the step through increased knee extension rather than increased pelvic flexion as exhibited by elite runners, which serve instead to provide intensive braking moves with each step and decrease the rate and efficiency of knee extension during leg movement, slowing speed. However knee extension contributes to additional step length and propulsion during toe-off and is seen more frequently in elite runners as well.
Elements of good running technique
Straight posture and slightly forward-looking
Leaning forward puts the center of the sprinter mob on the front of the foot, which avoids landing on the heels and facilitates the use of foot spring mechanism. It also makes it easy for runners to avoid landing legs in front of the center of mass and the resulting braking effect. While upright posture is crucial, a runner must keep the frame relaxed and use its core to keep the posture upright and stable. It helps prevent injuries as long as the body is not stiff or tense. The most common running errors are tilting the chin and wrinkling the shoulders.
Stride rate and type
Sports physiologists have found that the pace is very consistent among professional runners, between 185 and 200 steps per minute. The main difference between short and short runners is the length of the step rather than the pace.
During a run, the speed at which a moving runner can be calculated by multiplying the rhythm (steps per second) by the length of the step. Running is often measured in terms of speed in minutes per mile or kilometer. The step level quickly coincides with the rate of one pumping one's arm. The faster a person moves up and down, parallel to the body, the faster the pace. Different types of steps are required for different types of runs. When running, runners stick on their toes to lift their feet, using shorter and faster steps. Long-distance runners tend to have more relaxed steps that vary.
Benefits of running
Cardiovascular Benefits
Although there is potential for injury while running (as in any sport), there are many benefits. Some of these benefits include potential weight loss, improved cardiovascular and respiratory health (reducing cardiovascular and respiratory disease risk), improving cardiovascular fitness, reducing total blood cholesterol, strengthening bones (and potentially increasing bone density), possibly strengthening immunity. system and increased self-esteem and emotional state. Running, like all forms of regular exercise, can effectively slow or reverse the effects of aging.
Although the optimal amount of powerful aerobic exercise such as running can bring benefits associated with lower cardiovascular disease and prolongation of life, excessive doses (eg, marathons) may have the opposite effect associated with cardiotoxicity.
Benefits of weight loss
Running can help people lose weight, stay in shape and improve body composition. Research shows that people with an average weight will burn about 100 calories per mile run. Running increases one's metabolism, even after running; someone will continue to burn an increased calorie level for a short time after running. Different speeds and distances are appropriate for different health and fitness levels of different individuals. For new runners, it takes time to get the shape. The key is consistency and slow speed and distance improvement. When running, it is best to notice how a person's body feels. If a runner breathes or gets tired while running, it may be helpful to slow down or try a shorter distance for a few weeks. If a runner feels that speed or distance is no longer challenging, then the runner may want to speed up or run further.
Mental Health
Running can also have psychological benefits, as many participants in sports reports feel happy, the state of euphoria, often referred to as a "high runner". Running is often recommended as a therapy for people with clinical depression and people who overcome addiction. Possible benefits are natural pleasures and scenery, which also improve psychological well-being (see Ecopsychology Ã, § Practical benefits).
In animal models, running has been shown to increase the number of newly created neurons in the brain. These findings can have significant implications in aging as well as learning and memory. A recent study published in Cell Metabolism has also been linked to improved memory and learning abilities.
Running off
High impact
Many injuries are associated with running because of their high-impact nature. Changes in volume run can lead to the development of patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, patellar tendinopathy, plica syndrome, and medial tibial stress syndrome. Running speed changes can cause Achilles Tendinitis, gastrocnemius injury, and plantar fasciitis. Repeated stress on the same network without enough time to recover or walk with an incorrect form can cause many of the above. Runners generally try to minimize this injury by warming up before exercising, focusing on proper running forms, exercising strength, eating balanced meals, allowing time for recovery, and "icing" (applying ice to sore muscles or ice baths).
Some runners may be injured while running on concrete surfaces. The problem with running on concrete is that the body adjusts to this flat surface, and some muscles become weaker, along with the additional impact of running on a harder surface. Therefore, it is advisable to change the terrain occasionally - such as paths, beaches, or grasses. It is a more unstable soil and allows the legs to strengthen different muscles. Runners should be wary of twisting their ankles in such terrain. Running down also increases knee pressure and should therefore be avoided. Reduced frequency and duration can also prevent injury.
Walk barefoot has been promoted as a means of reducing related injuries, but this is still controversial and the majority of professionals advocate the use of appropriate shoes as the best method to avoid injury. However, a study in 2013 concluded that wearing neutral shoes was not associated with increased injury.
Friction
Other common injuries associated with running are blisters, caused by repeated friction from one part of the skin to another, or to an article of clothing. One common site for inflammation occurs is the upper thigh of the runner. The skin feels rough and develops a rash-like appearance. Special deodorants and anti-friction creams are available to treat the problem. Inflammation also tends to occur in the nipple. There are a variety of home remedies that runners use to overcome friction while running like band-aids and use oil to reduce friction. Prevention is the key to why a suitable outfit is important.
Running event
Running is a competition and a kind of training for a sport that has a running or endurance component. As a sport, it is divided into events divided by distance and sometimes including permutations such as deep obstacles and obstacles. Running contest is a contest to determine which competitors can run within a certain distance in a short time. Today, competitive running events form the core of athletic sports. Events are usually grouped into several classes, each requiring a very different athlete's power and involving different tactics, training methods, and the type of competitor.
Running competitions may have existed for most of the history of mankind and are an important part of the ancient Olympics as well as the modern Olympics. Activities ran past a period of widespread popularity in the United States during the ongoing boom of the 1970s. Over the next two decades, as many as 25 million Americans did some form of running or jogging - accounting for about a tenth of the population. Today, street racing is a popular sport among non-professional athletes, covering more than 7.7 million people in America alone in 2002.
Speed ​​limit
Foot speed, or running speed, is the maximum speed at which humans can run. It is influenced by many factors, varies greatly throughout the population, and is important in athletics and many sports.
The fastest human footspeed on record is 44.7 km/h (12.4 m/s, 27.8 mph), visible during a 100 meter sprint (average speed between 60 and 80 meters) by Usain Bolt.
Running speed above increasing distance based on world record time
(See Category: Athletics (track and field) recorded progressions)
Events by type
- Track run
Track running events are individual or relay events with athletes racing a certain distance on an oval track. Events are categorized as sprint, middle and long distance, and obstacles.
- Running
Road operations are carried out in the field measured over predetermined roads (as opposed to tracking and cross-country running). These events typically range from 5 kilometers to longer distances like half marathons and marathons, and they may involve a number of runners or wheelchair participants.
- Cross-country run
Cross country running takes place in open or rough terrain. Courses used for this event may include grass, mud, forest, hills, flat land and water. This is a popular participatory sport and is one of the events that, along with track and field, running paths, and racewalking, forming athletic umbrella sports.
- Mountain running
Events by distance
Sprint
Sprint is a short run event in athletics and track and field. Short-range racing is one of the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event - the stadium race, which is a race from one end of the stadium to the other. There are three sprint events currently held at the Olympics and the World Outside Championships: 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters. These events are rooted in imperial measurements which are then converted into metrics: 100 m evolved from a 100 meter run, a distance of 200 m comes from furlong (or 1/8 mile), and 400 m is the successor to the 440-yard dash or quarter-mile race.
At a professional level, runners start the race by taking a squatting position in the starting block before leaning forward and gradually moving to the upright position as the contest progresses and momentum is gained. The athlete stays on the same track on the track running at all runs, with the exception of the only one of 400 m in the room. Racing up to 100 m is mostly focused on acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance further incorporate the element of endurance. Human physiology states that the speed near the runner can not be maintained for more than thirty seconds or more when lactic acid accumulates, and the leg muscles begin to lack of oxygen.
60 meters is a public indoor event and is an indoor world championship event. Other less common events include 50 meters, 55 meters, 300 meters and 500 meters used in some high competition and college in the United States. The 150 meters, rarely competed: Pietro Mennea set the world's best in 1983, Olympic champion Michael Johnson and Donovan Bailey went head-to-head over the distance in 1997, and Usain Bolt improved Mennea's record in 2009.
Center distance
Long distance running is a longer race track than a sprint up to 3000 meters. The standard center distance is 800 meters, 1500 meters and running miles, although 3000 meters can also be classified as a medium-range event. The 880 yard run, or half a mile, was an ancestor to a distance of 800 m and had its roots in competition in England in the 1830s. 1500 m emerged as a result of running three laps of the 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 1900s.
Remote
Examples of long distance running events are remote tracks, marathon, ultramaraton, and multiday races.
See also
- Level and tilt running
- Outline runs
- Running
- Running Ultra
- Skyrunning
References
External links
- Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Run". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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